CSET Multiple Subjects - History and Social Science Vocabulary
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Schaloe on March 18, 2010
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470 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Aqueduct | A man-made channel constructed to convey water from one location to another |
| Bear Flag Revolt | A brief attempt at the beginning of the Mexican-American War to establish an independent California republic |
| Bushido | The code of knights in feudal Japan, the equivalent of chivalry in Europe |
| California's Mission System | A "sacred expedition" in which twenty-one Spanish Catholic missions were established, spaced to be a single days travel apart on El Camino Real (the Royal Road) |
| Californios | Residents of the rancho system in California just before the Mexican-American War, mainly comprised of Mexican citizen who idetified more as Californios than Mesicans |
| Capitalism | An economic system regulated by the state that encourages the accumulation of weath and property by individuals |
| Caste | A division of society based on differences of wealth, inherited rank or privledge, profession, or occupation, not allowed to move from one caste to another |
| Central Valley Project (CVP) | A federal water project undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1935 as a long-term plan to effectively use water in California's central valley |
| Check and Balances | Written into the Constitution, this concept is one of the cornerstones of our republic, encompassing three branches of governement and a system for them to act as watchdogs for the others |
| Circumnavigate | To sail completely around the earth |
| Code of Hammurabi | The first known written legal code, developed in ancient Babylong, predated the justinian Code by about 2,000 years |
| Communism | An economic system in which the state controls the means of production and distributes the profits |
| Conquistadores | Spanish exploreres that sought the riches of Central and South America, establishing colonies along the way |
| Daimyo | Japanese feudal lord |
| Democratic-Republican Party | One of the first two political parties in the United States, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; opposed the Federalist party and was strongly in favor of individual rights |
| Economics | A social science deaing with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |
| Emancipation Proclamation | A proclamation made by President Lincoln in1863 freeing all slaves in regions still fighting against the Union |
| Executive Branch | A branch of the system of checks and balances that sees that the country's laws are executed |
| Federalism | A system of government consisting of self-regluating regions (states) united by a central (federal) government |
| Federalist Papers | A series of articles written in 1787 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to gain popular support for the then-proposed Constitution |
| Feudalism | A social economic, and political system in which power is decentralized, and a varying number of lords hold land on which they allow others to live and work in return for loyalty and service |
| Fief | Land held by lorders under the feudal system |
| Forty-niners | Nickname for the influx of people that arrived in California, staring in 1849, in search of gold |
| Free-soliders | A minor but influential political party int he pre-Civil War period that opposed the extention of slavery into the western territories |
| Gentleman's Agreement | A 1907 treaty with Japan that allowed wives to joing their husbands in the U.S. on the condition that the Japanese government deny exit visas to any men wishing to emigrate to the United States |
| Great Awakening | A religious revival in the colonies during the first part of the 18th century |
| Great Compromise | A decision made by the Constitutional Congress splitting Congress into two houses, one based on population (House of Rep) and the other based on equal representations (Senate) |
| Hunter/Gatherer Societies | An early society in which men hunted for meat and women gathered more readily available food |
| Initiative | A process that gives individual citizens, or groups of citizens, the power to place a proposed law on the ballot |
| Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) | British reaction to the Boston Tea Party, including more rigid restrictions on colonial town meetins and other harsh penalties |
| Judicial Branch | A branch of the system of checks and balances that interprets Congressional laws |
| Justinian Code | Consdiered to be the basis for the justice system in use throughout much of the Western world, including the United States |
| Land Commission | Established to settle the Californio's land claims during the first few years of California's statehood |
| Law of Supply and Demand | The basic economic principle stating that is suppply is greater than demand, the value of the product is lower, if demand is greater than supply, the value is higher |
| Legislative Branch | The branch of the system of checks and balances that makes Congressional laws |
| Louisiana Purchase | The 1803 purchase made by President Thomas Jefferson that essentially doubled the United States territory |
| Manifest Destiny | An 1845 phrase encapsulating the American version of the Western Expansion |
| Mercantilism | The practice of state regulation and control of an economy |
| Missouri Compromise | The 1820 legislation that tried to resolve the conflicts reaised by the addition of new territories as either slave or non-slave owning areas |
| Monotheism | The worship of only one god |
| Nullification | A concept espoused by southerners following the Missouri Compromise that would have given southern states the right to refuse to obey laws that they did not agree with |
| Octopus | A term used to describe the Central Pacifics Railroad's monopoly for having an arm in practically every sector of California's commerce |
| Pilgrims | A religious group who had broken away from the Church of England, first relocating to Holland to escape persecution, then setting sail in the fall of 1620 to become the first settlers to arrive in Massachusetts |
| Popular Sovereignty | the idea that political authority belongs to the people |
| Presidio | Forts build by the Spanish to offer protection to california's missionaries and settlers during periods of violent revolt by native workers |
| Pueblos | Towns based around California's missions and presidios, built around a church and a town square |
| Rancho System | A land allotment system defined by a few large landowners and many landless workers |
| Recall | A mechanism fo rending an elected official's tenure before its scheduled completion |
| Reconstruction | President Lincoln's first priority after the Civil War to reconcile the warring sides and rebuild areas affected by the war |
| Referendum | A statute or amendment that has passed the state legislature, which is then placed the proposed law on the ballot for approval by the electorate, allows the California electorate to rescind legislatin that has already become law |
| Reincarnation | A religious beleif in which, after physical death, a rebirth in another body occurs, a central tenet of Hinduism, among other religions |
| Relocation Camp | Interment camps that held people of Japanese descent durin World War II |
| Renaissance | A French word meaning, rebirth, the name given to the flowering of European culture at the end of the medieval period |
| Secession | That self-given right of seven states to the lower South to leave the Union is they so desired |
| Seperate but Equal | A philosophy, along with election rules, that was designed to deny blacks the right to vote after reconstruction ended |
| Serf | Peasants who work on land in a feudal system |
| Shogun | In Feudal Japan, the equivalent of a medieval Eupopean king |
| Silicon Valley | A nickname for the Southern part of San Francisco Bay Area in the northern California, originally referring to the concentration of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually referring to the concentration of all types of high-tech businesses |
| Socialism | An economic system in which workers control the means of production and share in the profits for their labors |
| Ten Percent Plan | A plan created by President Lincoln before his assassination, and carried out by the successor, Andrew Johnson, stating that a state could be readmitted to the Union if ten percent of the former Confederates in the state who had voted in the 1860 election vowed loyalty to the union |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | An initial rule in the constituion stating that in state population counts, each slave would count for three-fifths of one person |
| Vassal | The equivilent of a knight in the feudal system |
| 1450-1763 | The start and end of the Age of Discovery |
| Spain, France, England, Portugal, Netherlands | Countries that competed for land |
| New England Colonies | Shipbuilding and Commerce |
| Middle Colonies | Farming and Commerce |
| Southern Colonies | Tobacco, cotton and slavery |
| House of Burgesses | An early colonial attempt at representative self-government (1619), first legislative assembly of the colonies |
| The Mayflower Compact | Basis of government by the consent of the governed |
| Major Popluation Groups | Europeans and Africans |
| Benjamin Franklin | Philosopher, inventor, politician who had great influence over many years |
| Northwest Ordinance | Defined the Northwest Territory and the way the US would be set up |
| John Adams | Leader of the movement towards Independence, very outspoken |
| Articles of Confederation | The first constitution of the United States of America |
| Thomas Jefferson | Responsible for writing most of the Declaration of Independence |
| Federalism | A division of government powers between a strong central government and the state governments |
| Bicarmeral | Like the English Parliment, the new state legislatures were... |
| Parliment Repealed the Act | Reaction of the English Government to the colonial protest against the stamp act |
| Intolerable Acts | Reaction of the British Government to the Boston Tea Party |
| Boycotting Britsh Goods | The colonists strongest weapon against the unpopular British Tax measures |
| The Jamestown Colony | Settled by gentleman adventurers, landless and poor men who wanted to improve finances, in the original settlement, no women, first slaves were brought here from Africa, tobacco was first cultivated as a moneymaking crop by this settlement, first representative of government |
| 18th Century | Three fourths of white population was middle class, more social equality than in England, hired farmhands and indentured servants were in lower class, lawyers and merchants were upper class. |
| Townshend Acts | The law the Bostonians protested when soldiers fired on the mobs in the Boston Massacre |
| The Plymouth Colony | Success of the colony sparked a huge migration to the New World from England, signed an agreement among themselves they would have a government based on the church's teachings, came to America seeking freedom from religous persecution |
| Virginia | Nathanial Bacon lead this colony in a rebellion against the colonial government protesting the Government's Indian policy |
| Great Britain | Sought to control colonial trade because it did not want competition with it's own manufacturers |
| The Great Awakening | The colonist gained a sense of independence because they challenged church beliefs, they felt unified because of a common religion, ties between church and state weakened, a greater sense of equality because preachers stressed equality of all |
| Daniel Shays | Led an armed uprising of 1,200 farmers |
| Thomas Paine | Wrote Common Sense |
| Order of Acts | Stamp, Declatory, Townshend, Boston Massacre |
| The French Indian War | Turning point in England's domination over North America (1756- 1763) |
| 1763-1776 - Tension Built between America and England | English Mercantile policy discouraged economic independence, Colonial concepts of political and economic freedom, Colonies used boycotts and other measures, Declaration of Independence stated the purposes for the Colonial break with England |
| Stamp Act | (1765) - The first direct tax to be levied on the American colonies, it required that all newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, commercial bills, advertisements, and other papers issued in the colonies bear a stamp. The act was denounced in the colonies by those it most affected: businessmen, merchants, journalists, lawyers, and other powerful persons |
| Townshend Act | (1767) - taxed many products such as paper, glass and tea |
| Boston Massacre | (1770) - British troops fire on crowd of Bostonians |
| Tea Act | (1773) - The Tea Act, passed by Parliament in May of 1773, would launch the final spark to the revolutionary movement in Boston. The act was not intended to raise revenue in the American colonies, and in fact imposed no new taxes. It was designed to prop up the East India Company which was floundering financially and burdened with eighteen million pounds of unsold tea. This tea was to be shipped directly to the colonies, and sold at a bargain price. The Townshend Duties were still in place, however, and the radical leaders in America found reason to believe that this act was a maneuver to buy popular support for the taxes already in force. The direct sale of tea, via British agents, would also have undercut the business of local merchants |
| Boston Tea Party | (1773) - A group of colonists, led by Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, and others, disguised themselves as Native Americans, boarded English ships on the night of Dec. 16, 1773, and threw the tea into the harbor |
| Intolerable Acts | (1774) - Britain attempts to gain control of the colonies in response to Boston Tea Party by closing the Boston Harbor, enforcing quartering, closing town meetings and trying British citizens in Britain |
| British Army marches on Concord and Lexington | (1775) - Paul Revere, "British are coming...", "Shots heard around the world". The Revolution had begun |
| American Revolution Chronological Order | Stamp Act, Townshend Act, Boston Massacre, Tea Act, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, British March on Concord and Lexington |
| 1776 - 1781 | The American Revolution was fought to obtain independence |
| Hindered Military Effectiveness | Colonial Armies were underequipped, widespread opposition to fixed military terms |
| George Washington | His leadership turned the tide of the battle |
| The French Alliance | 1778 - Brought needed men, equipment and money to American cause |
| Defeat of Cornwallis of Yorktown | 1781 - This defeat brought victory to the colonies |
| Articles of Confederation Dates | 1781 - 1789 |
| Article of Confederation Weaknesses | National Government did not have the power to regulate foreign trade, had no court system, no independent taxing power, could not enforce national laws |
| Constitutional Convention Major Issue | Conflicting interest of small vs large states |
| Antifederalists | Feared a strong central government |
| Articles of Confederation | Were not ratified for four years because Maryland refused to ratify them |
| Northwest Ordinance | Outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory |
| Hamilton, Jay and Madison | Wrote the Federalist Papers |
| 1789 | The need for a strong central government led to the framing of the constituion in what year |
| Constituion Did (four things) | Federal system which divided fedeal and state power, seperation of powers, and checks and balances to limit power of central government, legislative, executive and judicial branch created to divide power, bill of rights added to protect the people |
| Concurrent Powers | Refers to powers shared by the national government and state governments |
| Reserved Powers | Powers set aside for state governments |
| Delegated Powers | Powers assigned the National Government |
| Amendment to the Constituion Requires | Two thirds vote of Congress and then three fourths vote of the states to ratify |
| Elastic Clause of the Constitution | Allows congress to make laws on issues not mentioned in the Constitution |
| 26th Amendment | Gave 18 year olds the right to vote |
| 17th Amendment | Senators to be directly elected by the people |
| 15th Amendment | Guaranteed black americans the righ to vote |
| 2nd & 3rd Amendment | Gave people the right to stand up to Government |
| Preamble | States that the people have the power to establish and change rules |
| War of 1812 | War fought between US and Great Britain over neutrality and impressment of US Sailors - US victory, resulted in National pride, self sufficiency, and foreign credibility |
| The New Nationalism - 1816 - 1823 | Scope and authority of Supreme Court, The Era of good feelings (political success of the Republican party), The Monroe Doctrine, development of a new American culture |
| 1787 - 1823 | The New Nation - Alexander Hamilton was part of this era |
| Hamilton's Financial Plan | National Govt paid back state, national, and foreign debts to demonstrate credibility; National Govt encouraged American Business expansion by passing excise tax and a tariff; National Government raised revenue by a tax on domestic whiskey |
| Hamilton's Financial Plan Parties | Federalist Party - Strong central government ruled by manufacturing interests (Hamilton). Favored rich and wealthy Antifederalist Party - limited federal power based on farming interests (Jefferson) believed in worth of the individual |
| Weak | Strength of foreign policy during the early national period |
| Louisiana Purchase | Greatest Real Estate Purchase in U.S. history (1803) |
| Jacksonian Democracy | The rise of the common man. War against the bank and tariff were key issues for the new democratic party; Jackson initiated the spoils system (political enemies are replaced by political friends); Jackson pursued nationalistic policies |
| Whig Party | They opposed the democrats belief in states' rights and instead favored a strong national government. |
| Cotton | Contributed to the growth of slavery |
| The Missouri Compromise | 1820 - Limited the spread of slavery |
| The Annexation of Texas | 1837 - Added potential slave territory to the United States |
| The Mexican War | 1848 - Was criticized as a proslavery, expansionist war |
| The Rise of the New West created... | Transportation, education, politics, mining and agriculture |
| California Geographic Features | Coasts (trading, transportation, Presidio military protection); Mountains: Smaller Valleys: Vast Lands (huge cattle ranches large game in over 1/2 state); Many streams and Rivers (fish were abundent, fertile for crops) |
| Manifest Destiny | This ideology encouraged U.S. expansion to the Pacific |
| 1837 | Texas annexed to the United States |
| 1846 | Oregon annexed to the United States |
| Mexican American War | 1848 - California, parts of the southwest were gained |
| Sugar Plantations in the West Indies | 16th Century - Benefited most from slavery |
| 1861 - 1865 | Years of the Civil War |
| Reason for Civil War | Individual state rights, slavery, cotton, and the election of Abraham Lincoln as president |
| Civil War - North Power | Manpower, firepower, economic resources |
| Civil war - South Power | Leadership, territory |
| Union Strategy | Isolating the South |
| Battle of Gettysburg | 1863 - This battle ended the souths chance of foreign recognition |
| Robert E. Lee | General who commanded the Confederate Army during the Civil War |
| Ulysses S. Grant | General who led the Union Army to victory in the Civil War |
| First Battle of Bull Run | President Lincoln realized the war would be long and hard |
| The Draft | The New York City Riots were protest against |
| Richmond | Capitol of the South |
| Atlanta Victory | Help turned the tide so that Lincoln was able to win a second term in 1864 |
| Antietam | Victory gave Lincoln the right moment to make the Emancipation Procolomation |
| Appomatix Courthouse | Lee surrendered to Grant |
| Vicksburg Battle | Meant that the union controlled the entire Mississippi River |
| Washington | Capitol of the North |
| George McClellan | Little Napoleon, suffered several defeats, replaced, put back in command, and replaced again |
| Robert E. Lee surrendered because... | ...his troops were trapped by Grant's Army |
| Antietam Battle | Battle that followed the second Bull Run |
| Battle of Gettysburg | Turning point of the war |
| France, Britain | The south asked these two countries for help during the Civil War |
| Chickamauga | Not a victory for Grant |
| Gettysburg | Farthest north the confederates were able to get, called the "High water mark of confederacy" |
| Reconstruction of the South | Presidential plan emphasized tolerance for the defeated South (congress won with radical plan) |
| Reconstruction of the South | Congressional (Radical) plan emphasized the use of military force in treating the South like a conquered territory (congress won over presidential plan) |
| Radical Reconstruction Years | 1868 - 1876 |
| Bills Passed During Reconstruction | Civil Rights Bills Passed 14th & 15th Amendment |
| President Johnson | Impeached for opposing Radical Reconstruction |
| Setback at the end of Reconstruction | Social justice for blacks, National committment to equal opportunity |
| Sharecroppers | Framers who were provided some land, housing and supplies by white landowners in return for giving landowners a portion of their crops |
| End of Reconstruction | A result of the presidential election of 1876 |
| Scalawags | Native white southerners who had opposed secession and who had cooperated with the Republicans during reconstruction |
| Military Reconstruction Acts | Dissolved the government of all the Confederate States except Tennessee and divided the remaining Southern States into five districts |
| Aids to settlement of the West | Homestead Act (1862); Transcontinental Railroad (1869) |
| Western Industrial Base | Mining, cattle, and grain. Farmers and ranchers settled the Great Plains |
| Aided in Industrial Growth of America | Communcation and Transportation |
| Fostered Expansion of Industry | New methods of production (assembly line, mass production); inventions; Expanding markets at home and abroad; Development of steel, mining, electrical, petrolium, textile and food processing industries |
| Robber Baron | Stopped merchant ships and demanded tolls without authorization (12th & 13th centuries); businessman amasssing huge fortunes through unfair business practice (19th century) |
| Laws Dealing with Industrialization | Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914). The National Labor Relations Act (1935) - collective bargaining rights for employees. |
| Spanish American War | 1898 - Resulted in the ceding of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Phillipines to the United States |
| WWI Began | 1917 |
| End of WWI | Wilsons Fourteen Points, Failure of congress to ratify |
| Great Depression Began | 1929 |
| Casues of Depression | Growth of monopolies, unequal distribution of income, and overspeculation in the stock market |
| 1932 - 1938 | Franklin Roosevelt initiated The New Deal |
| The New deal Included | 1) Government programs to provide jobs for the unemployed 2) Broadened the scope of the federal government's activities. 3) Permanently expanded the role of the presidency |
| New Frontier Pledge | John F. Kennedy's Pledge was to resolve domestic and cold war problems, expand the Space Program and Civil Rights legislation |
| Lyndon Johnson's Great Society | 1964 - It attempted to continue New Deal type programs. Aims were ending poverty, reducing pollution, regenerating urban life, and pursuing Civil Rights legislation |
| Arab-Isreali War (1974) | Created an oil embargo |
| O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy | Reagan's appointments to the Supreme Court |
| Oil Diplomacy | Redefined American Global Interests |
| Russia, China | President Nixon established better realations with these countries |
| Watergate | 1974 - Destroyed the credibility of the American Government |
| 1979 - 1981 | Iranian Hostage Situation Years |
| 1979 | Soviets invade Afghanistan |
| Reganomics | Massive federal budget cuts, welfare reduced, personal and corporate taxes reduced, tax plan was characterized as "trickle-down" economics |
| The federal deficit escalated dramatically in the 1980s and threatened the economic stability of the U.S. What 2 things contributed to this? | Trade gap widened. Japan and Germany surpassed the U.S. in automobiles and airlines |
| Pardon of Nixon..... | ...ruined Gerald Ford's political future |
| Jimmy Carter's Adminitration Problems | 1) Energy Crisis 2) Israel and Egypt signed historic peace treaty, but key problems were left unsolved. 3) Need for alternate sources of energy 4) Detente with Russia suffered serious setbacks 5) Inflation |
| Ronald Reagan | Admistration supported massive build up of the defense program |
| 1989 | Noriega was removed from Panama through the use of U.S. force in |
| 1989 | The Tianament Square pro-democracy movement in China occurred in |
| 1990 | Economic sanctions were lifted against South Africa when it shifted away from apartheid in |
| Factors of the Economic Slowdowof 1988 | The GDP dropped. Unemployment increased. The "Big Three" automakers posted record losses. Bankruptcies increased. The Fed lowered interest rates in an attempt to stimulate the economy (1991-1992). |
| Souter and Thomas | Bush Supreme Court appointments |
| 1990 | Eastern European Communism collapsed in |
| 1991 | Soviet Union was desolved in |
| 1990 | The Cold War officially ended at the Bush-Gorbachev Summits in |
| Gasoline, Tobacco, Medicare | Bush raised taxes on these items in 1990 to decrease the decifit |
| 300 Billion Dollars | The Savings and Loan bankruptcies resulted in massive federal intervention to cover |
| 1990 | Hussein invaded Kuwait |
| 1991 - 1992 | Persian Gulf War |
| Yurok Indians | Villages on lagoons or mouth streams and lower Klamath River. Accumulated wealth, sets of dance regalia and ceremonial gatherings. Distinctive clothing, abundant natural resources, permanent villages. Harvested fish, deer, elk, acorns. Used wood from forest to create homes and household items (stools, storage boxes) |
| Cahuilla | Rabbits and other small game, bows and arrows or nets and snares. Accorns, mequite pods, pinon nuts, and other fruit of cacti. Planeted crops when water sufficient, pottery by coiling narrow ropes of clay. |
| Kumeyaay | Annual migration, in spring gathered budding plans and small game. Harvested dried pipening cactus fruites for winter storage. Moved to higher elevations in August, harvested acorns and pinon nuts before returning to winter villages. |
| Owens Valley Paiute | Small rainfall, vegetation scarce, bands were migratory, shifting from place to place in search of water and food. Men hunted, women gathered seeds, nuts and fruits. Distinctive form of acgricutlre based on communal labor. Created ditches and dams to irrigate various wild plants. |
| Hupa | Social rank on basis of wealth. Retained privledges passing fortunes to next generations. Salmon and acorn diet. Rituals like White Deerskins and Jumping Dances. Dance done to ward off disease and famin. Recite long narratives and display wealthy objects. |
| Tubatulabl | Led by a headman or timiwal. Appointed by council and served for life. Primary counselor, arbritator. Diet of acorns, six differenct species of oaks and pinon nuts. Gathereed from eastern slopes of Sierra Nevada. Small seeds and berries were gathered. Fish were caught in the mountain streams and rivers. Also deer, bear, mountain lion, mounain sheep and antelope. |
| Chumas | Largest villages in CA, some 2000 people. Home of poles driven into the ground and arched in the center, with thatch of interwoven graases and ferns. Brilliant rock paintings, found in caves and on rocks in Southern CA, abstract and highly stylized and imaginative. |
| Yokuts | Fished on canoe shaped rafts, relied heavily on salmon and acorns. Haproons and dragnets to fish. Groves of lvalley oaks, great amounts of acorns for thick suop. San Joaquin Valley, wetlands, birds, duck, geese, elk, antelope. |
| Pomo | Best known as CA basketmakers, twined and coilded ware in many shapes. Otlined with brightly colored feathers, plumes, beads, and shells. |
| Tongva (Gabrielino) | Distinct social class, elite were wealthy individuals and headmen Marriage only in same class. |
| Shasta | River valley villages, families owned their hunting and fishing ground, tobacco plots and oak trees. Real estate passed on through the males. Money was clamshell disks and dentalia. |
| Atsugewi | High value or hard work. Trout and fish gathered with nests in rivers and lakes. Rabbits hunted in groups. Larger game by individuals, trned over kill to village for general use. Sixth days set for rest, Big annual celebration autumnal pakapi or "big time" enoto celebrate enough food for coming winter. |
| Miwok | One of most popular in CA, from Pacific Coast to Sierra nevada. Earth covered homes, in Sierra Nevada houses were three or four layers of bark. Homes near coast were interlocking poles of willow or driftwood. Bunchess of grass or reeds tied in rows to frame. |
| Achumawi | Deer in Noorthern CA, plentfiu. venison and deerskin for clothing. Shamans played a key role, had healing ability from tamakomi, "medicine or power. Half of shamans were women. |
| Maidu | Cluster of three to five small villages around a centraly village. Lands were held in common. Each tribe servered as part of a political organization. the Leader played a fairly minor role exept during time of war or talk of peace. |
| Northwestern Indian Culture | California to Alaska, dense woodlands of redwoods. Great rainfall, social status dertmined by objects, Rich men led, tribes include Yurok , Hupa and Shasta |
| Northeastern Indian Culture | Desolate areas, scare food, hunting small game and seeds and roots. Thinly settled, tribues include Achumawi and Atsugewi. |
| Central Indian culture | Central coast throughout Sacramento and San Joaquin Valley, mild climate and plants and animals abundant. Tribal dress and housing relfected climate. Best basket skills of all, tribes include Yokuts, Miwodk, Maidu, and Pomo. |
| The Great Basin | Most lands along the eastern border of the state. Food and water scacre, tribes had to move frequently in search of food like rats and rabbits. Tribes include, Tubatulabal, and the Owens Valley Paiute. |
| Colorado River Indian Culture | Supplemented their hunting with agrictulre. Grew corn, beans and pumpkins in fertile flood plains. Traded with many tribes, tribes include (Quechan (Yuma) Halchidhoma, Mohave. |
| Southern Indian Culture | Some of most popular tribes in CA, villags along the souther coast, sustained by sea life, as many as two thousand redisents each. Tribes are Kumeyaay (Diegueno), Cahuilla, Tongva, (Gabrielino) and Chumash |
| Miranda vs Arizona - 1966 | Criminal supsects must be informed of their miranda rights |
| Marbury vs Madison - 1803 | Created Judicial Review, ability to reivew a law for viloations |
| Gideon vs Wainwright - 1963 | State courts are required by the 6th and 14th amendments, right to speedy process, counsel |
| Brown vs Board of Education - 1954 | Suprmeme court outlawed racial segragation, overrulled seperate but equal. |
| Dred Scott vs Sanford - 1857 | Ruled that african americans could never become citizens, in slavery or not. |
| Labor Board vs J&L Steel Corporations - 1937 | Declared National Labor Relations (Wagner Act) was constitutional. Greatly increased congress power under Commerce Clause. |
| McCullough vs Maryland - 1819 | Eastablished that the constitution grants to conress implied powers inherent in the nature of the Constitution as a blueprint for a practical functioning government, and the state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal Government |
| Plessy vs Ferguson - 1896 | Approved racial segregation, seperate but equal |
| New York Times co. vs Sullivan - 1964 | Enacted the "malice" standard allowed free reporting |
| Gibbons vs Ogden - 1824 | The power to regulate interstate navigation was reserved to congress and trumps the power of the state |
| California Constitution | 12 Year term for Supreme Court justices, greater details, greater degree of voter control, in both Houses, representation is based on districts that are determined by size of population, senators serve four year terms |
| Ignored by European Invaders | American Indians agriculture and medical wisdonm |
| Mosiac Law | Greatest contribution of ancient Hebrew civilation to modern western civilation |
| Scalawags | Southern whites who allied with the radicals |
| Carpetbaggers | Northerners who went South to assist in Reconstruction |
| Islam | Most common religion of Arabian civilization |
| Ceremonial Centers in Mesoamerican Cultures | To win favors of the gods, who according to their beleifs, governed the life of mankind and the cycles of nature |
| Philip IV | Christ's own words render taxes to Caesar and delcared to continue resistance to taxes would equal betraying the State and aiding enemies of the state |
| China | Ancient Civiliation that Confucianism originated |
| Copernicus | Proposed the beginning of Europe's Scientific Revolution, that Earth revolved around the sun |
| Fall of rome | Common reason given for the development of Feudalism |
| Billeting Act of 1765 | Required colonies to provide quarters and supplies for Royal troops |
| Completion of the Railroad in California | Merchants and manufacturers found themselves suddenly exposed to intense competition for those of eastern cities, loss of jobs with railroad done |
| Comprised of Near East | Tigres, Euphrates Valley, Fertile Crescent, and Nile Vallyez |
| Sugar Act of 1764 | Forbade import of rum, duty on molasses , wines, silks, coffee and number of luxury items |
| Postclassic period (800 AD) | Aztecs are from this period in Mesoamerican History |
| Mexican American War | Ended Feb 2, 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Solved the problem of isolation in California 1969 |
| Indians | In 1763 a royal proclomation reserved all Western territory between Alleghencies, the Florida's and the Mississippi, and Quebec to be used by the |
| Sun | Central figure in the ancient Inca religion |
| Greece | Epics of Illiad and Odyssey come from |
| Chandragupta Maurya | Created the first unified state in Inida (Indian) history |
| Constantine | In Medieval Europe, the legalization and imperialization of the Christian Faith forever changed the form and function of Christianity by whom |
| 3500 - 3000 BC | Mesopotamian Civilization Period |
| Magna Carta | Placed limitations on the Crown |
| Dust Bowl Regugees of 1930's | Grapes of Wrath |
| Nile Valley (3000 BC) | Egyptian Civilation began |
| Sierra Nevada | California's two major mountain ranges are the Coast Ranges and... |
| Declaration of Independence - July 4th 1776 | Constitutes legitimate government and under what conditions men were justified in resorting to armed revolution to change it |
| Chinese Confucian Morality | Japan feudalism had as its basis |
| Feudalism, Europe Middle Ages Hiearchial Structure | King, Baron, Bishop, Lord, Peasant |
| Mojave Desert | Largest desert in Calfornia |
| Tories | Political party that wanted close ties with England |
| Plato | Created the first written philosophy |
| Polytheistic | Kushite Religion, Egyptian Religion |
| Rancheros | California 1821 - 1846 dominant institutions were |
| Money, Econcomy | Sounded the Death knell of feudalism |
| Manors | Economic and social units of life in early Middle Ages |
| Mercantilism | Earliest form of Capitalism |
| Japan | A series of Islands |
| Diversity of Native Americans | European settlers to the New World in the 16th & 17th Century often failed to recognize the |
| Buddhism | Religon of ancient Indian (India) civilization |
| Agriculture | Primary economic activity in Arabia |
| Andrew Jackson | In 1829 inaugural address, he set a policy to relocate Eastern Indians |
| Phoenicians | Known for first explorers (1000 BC), traders, colonizers, first alphabet, dominated Mediteranean commerce, exported glass and purple dye |
| Black Code Laws | Prior to Jim Crow Laws, prior to reconstruction |
| Blackfoot | Feather art in the form of a war bonnet |
| Cherokee and Iroquois Art | Decorated pottery and baskets, quiltwork and beadwork, and wood ritual masks |
| Paved Roads | Romans were first civilization to build.. |
| Check their Westward Expansion | The French threatened not only the British Empire, but the American colonists for holding the Mississippi Valley, Franch could... |
| India | Indus River played a central part in this civilizations history |
| Caucus (political system) | An informal meeting of party leaders who decide which candidates they will support |
| Democracy | Greatest contribution from ancient Greece to Western Civilization |
| Tan Dynasty | One of China's greatest dynasties |
| Xia | China's first dynasty |
| Scientific Revolution in Pre-Modern Europe | Europes Renaissance, Age of Discovery, Copernican Revolution |
| Chavin | Earliest sophisticated culture of the Andean Highland civilization |
| Stamp Act | No taxation without representation |
| Beaver | Animal that became synonymous with the fur trade in the first half of the 19th century |
| Primary factor that allowed Missouri to become a slave state in 1821 | The admission of Maine as a free state preserved the slave state/free state balance in the senate |
| Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls | "We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal....." |
| The Colorado River | Water distribution system that provides water to the Imperial Valley |
| Connected by El Camino Real | Common characteristic that linked missions, presidios, and pueblos |
| Made Indians citizens of Mexico | After Mexico defeated the Spanish and gained control of California, the Mexican goverment.... |
| Cattle ranching | Prior to Mexican American war, the most important industry in California was (1821 - 1848) |
| "We can do it" poster of a woman | Campaign to encourage women to sek work in wartime industrial plants |
| Los Angeles in 1960-2000 became the new "Ellis Island" | Background of immigrants had same identifying factors that were associated with the immigration to Ellis Island in the early 20th century |
| Chinese | Group that historically experienced the most discrimination (California Constitution statutes) |
| GEOGRAPHICAL SETTINGS OF THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS OF ASIA AND AFRICA | River Valleys where there was an abudance of fertile soil and fresh water |
| Relations among social groups | Hinduism strongly influenced ancient indian civilation through |
| Kush | Annual floods, enriched lands for farming and cattle, timber and iron ore deposits, capital on major trade routes, riches from gold and emerald mines |
| The Legal code of france | Influence of ancient Rome on later development of European civilization |
| Decline of the Roman empire | Political instability and use of mercenary armies undermined the security of the empire |
| The code of chivalry in European Knights | Political instability and use of mercenary armies undermined the security of the empire |
| Emergence of Universities | Catholic churches influenced development in medieval Europe |
| GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INDLUENCE ON INCA CIVILIZATIONS BETWEN 11TH AND 15TH CENTURIES | The mountains of western South American were an impediment to building an empire, prompting the development of sophisticated engineering technologies |
| Discover westward route to Asia | Voyage of exploration commanded by John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, and Henry Hudson |
| Massachusettes Bay | Establishment of a colony to create a Bible commonwealth |
| Significant major development in American Revolution | Patriot victory at Battle of Saratoge (1777) prompted by France to sign a treaty with American leaders |
| Articles of confederation designed to | Protect sovereignty of the states |
| Union Advantage | Strong manufacturing base |
| Confederate Advantage | More experienced officer corps |
| Protect sovereignty of the states | 1876 Election |
| Immigration Reform Act 1965 | Substantial increase in Asian population |
| Aircraft industry/WWII | Industry major turning point in California |
| Primary factor of collapse of Aztec and Inca Empires | Lack of resistance to European disease disseminated the populations |
| Development of early Mesopotamia Civilizations | Irrigation projects in the barren southern plains, agricultural advances, much food, allowed civilization to develop |
| The Qin Dynasty | Created Great Wall of China, use of currency, weight and measure standardized, tomb of terra-cotta army |
| Impact of Industrial Revolution on Europe | Division of defined classes, merchant middle class |
| The counter-Reformation | Founding of the Society of Jesus, revival of the inquisition, estblishment of the Index of Prohibited Book, Adherence to the Council of Trent |
| Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam | Religions established in China as a result of the cross-cultural contact associated with the Silk Road |
| Geographical factors that accounted for emergence of Byzantium as a powerful trading empire | Constantinople controlled both the Mediterranan Sea and the Black Sea trade routes |
| Influence of Islamic scholarship development of European civilization during the middle ages | Introduction of new math concepts such as algebra and calculus |
| Positive result of the war in 1812 | American industry propspered when trade was restricted by the British during the war |
| Central focus of lewis and clark expedition | to gain an accurate sense of the resources being exchanged in the Louisiana Purchase |
| Mechanisms by which Islam has spread throughout history | Military conquest and trade incentives |
| Renaissance | Period of European hisotry that produced advances in science that revolutionalized of Earths's place wtihin the universe |
| Taoism | Chinese philosophical system that emphasizes living in balance with the natural world, everything has its place yin and yang |
| Buddhism | Emphasizes mindfulness of an orderly society |
| Hinduism | Practiced primarily in India and very little in China |
| Economics | Law of supply and demand |
| Search of a Sea route to Asia | Driving force of explorations of Americas |
| Mercantilism | Practiced by European nations in an effort to assure properity by regulating and coordinting the production of goods, while protecting domestic economies from foreign competition. |
| Socialism | Economic philosophy espoused by Karl Marx that distributes wealth to the workers that produce it |
| Communism | Extends socialistic redistribution of wealth by the state to include government control in social and political areans as well |
| Barter | An informal system of the exchange of goods and services among individuals |
| The Steam Engine | Invention that launched the industrial age |
| Mayflower Compact | First declaration of self-government in the new world |
| No taxation without representation | Washington D.C. shares this complaint |
| Democratic-Republicans | George Mason in objections to the constituion represented which group |
| Slavery | Missouri Compromise of 1820 was designed to resolve conflict in this area |
| Blockade Southern ports | Union used Naval force most effectively to |
| Amerindians | The Homestead Act of 1862 led to a displacement of this group |
| Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 | Restrict growth of corporations |
| Advances in transportation and communication | Greatest effect on the growing political, economic and social cohesion of the US during the last half of the 19th century |
| Bowl and Basket Weaving | Shared by geographically seperated native California people in pre-columbian times |
| Hydraulic Mining | Enviornmentally destructive mining process in the Gold Rush and wound down in 1853 |
| Work on the Transcontinental Railroad | Attracted the largest number of Chinese immigrants to US after gold rush |
| Popular Sovereignty | 1911 new California State Legislation inspired by the national progressive movement |
| Angel Island | California's "Ellis Island" entry point for many European immigrants to US |
| Dust Bowl | Caused a wave of immigration into California in the 1930's |
| Salton sea | Imperial Valley water flow from Colorado River, tried to increase water flow and the flood created the |
| Lake Shasta, Lake Arrowhead | Manmade lakes |
| Mono Lake | Natural lake that has been threatened by the water needs of L.A. |
| The Great Depression | WPA Central Valley Project irrigated large portions of the central valley at expense of wetlands to the north, US government response to which event |
| WPA (Works Projects Administration) | Federal Government response to the Great Depression, overwhelming unemployment and need for public works. Many dams and large sclae projects, Central Valley Project, Shasta Dam (second largest dam in the US, after Hoover dam - also WPA project) |
| Greeks | Credited with first implementation of democracy into government (citizens held public meetings, pass law, choose officials) No slaves, women or foreigners |
| Egyptians | Hieroglyphics |
| Sumerians | First written language |
| Babylonians | Hammurabi - The first written code of law |
| American civilizations in chronological order | Olmec, Mayan, Toltec, Aztec |
| Sale of indulgences | Caused the Protestant Reformation |
| Buddhism | Belief in reincarnation, belief that through meditation one can frind freedom from suffering and enter Nirvana, respect for all living creatures |
| Religious book of Islam | Koran |
| Vasco da Gama | First European explorer to reach Inida by sea |
| Juan Cabrillo | First European explorer to reach coastal California (1542) |
| Ferdinand Magellan | First European explorer to circumnavigate the globe |
| Francisco de Coronado | Explored area that was to become the southwest of US (1540) |
| Ponce de Leon | Explored Florida in 1513, claimed area for spain |
| Puritan | Most closely associated with the development of a theocracy in America |
| Puritan New England | Theocracy, a governemtn by ecclesiastical authorities, civil authority residing with clergy. |
| Three original state constitutions required | Land ownership and wealth were prerequisites to direct involvement in the government |
| Direct result of the contested presidentelection of 1876 | Federal troops were withdrawn from the South, ending Reconstruction |
| Associated with the industrialization of the United States | The trade-union movement, government protection of management through the use of court injunctions, the growth of suburbs, the dehumanizing aspects of technological innovations |
| San Francisco to Lake Tahoe Geographical Features | Coast Range, Central Valley, Sierra Nevada |
| Mining practice that had the greatest negative impact on both farmers and steamboat companies | Hydraulic mining |
| Chumash | Used tar to waterproof their canoes |
| Primary purpose of the Mission System | To maintain self-sufficient agricultural economy that produced a food surplus |
| Most serious objection to the Japanese relocation plan in CA | Without evidence of disloyalty it demonstrated that constitutional safeguards could be rendered ineffective in wartime |
| Governor of CA has this right, but President of US does not | Power to veto specific sections of a spending bill |
| Primary reason for dramatic Mexican population increase in CA | They replaced the Japanese as low-paid agricultural workers |
| Change of date of presidential primaries from March to February in CA | to provide a greater voice in determining national politics |
| Declaration of Sentiments and Resolution | To link the demands of women to the greivance of the Revolutionary generation |
| Center region of US (minus texas) | The United States obtained posession of this region in an 1846 treaty with Great Britian |
| An important development in CA society during Mexican rule 1821-1848 | Growing criticism of the mission system prompted efforts to transfer mission holding into private hands |
| Latino political power grew largely in 1990 | Growing proportion of Latinos in CA population |
| Associated withe end of antiquity | The Roman Empire |
| Features of ancient India | Influenced by Hinduism, underwent waves of invasion from Persia and Asia, divided into multiple regions |
| Fluid social structure | Not a feature of ancient Inida |
| Birth oF Civilization atributed to | Transiton of hunting and gathering to agriculture in early Mespotamia |
| European Society under feudalism | Granting land use within a fief, ceremonies of homage and fealty, vassals commitment to provide military service to a lord |
| NOT a feature of European society under feudalism | Gold over land assets as currency |
| Influenced by christianity | Sanctification of knighthood, the sacking of Constantinople and other parts of Asia minor, the waning of the practice of alchemy as a medicine |
| Alchemy | Attempt to change base metals into gold |
| Characteristics of the European Renissance | A revival of learning based on classical sources, development of highly realistic linear perspective in art, discarding of the Aristolean "final cause" in favor of scientific method |
| NOT characteristic of european Renissance | Great advances in the field of metal making |
| Laissez-Faire | Free market capitalism |
| Maya Indians | A polytheistic society located in Central America that made great advances in science and mathematics, but collapsed due to unknown causes |
| Massachusetts | British colony founded by puritans seeking to create a new, pure church in the americas |
| French Indian War Victory | British acquired Florida as a result |
| Reasons for American Revolution | Freedom of religion, commercial considerations, overpopulation |
| Middle Passage | Portion of the triangular trade route used in the Atlantic slave trade |
| Factors that led to American Revolution | Forced quartering of British soldiers, excessive tarriffs, Intolerable acts |
| Principle of Dec. of Independence | Enlightenment concepts such as natural law and self-determination, dissolving allegiances to the British crown, clear listing of the colonies, reasons for rebellion |
| US Constitution differed from Articles of Confederation | I provided for a strong central government and federal taxation |
| Products of the Industrial Revolution | Development of new weaving and ironworking techniques, vast expansion and improvement in the roads and waterways, greatly increased prosperity and political power for middle class |
| The Gentleman's Agreement - 1907 | Most restricted Japanes immigration to US |
| Contributed to dramatic population increase in CA | CA land boom (1880's), gold rush (1850), the great depression (1930's) |
| United States and CA governments similar | Both have executive, judicial and legislative branch |
| Industry most damaged by spending cutbacks in 1970 | Aerospace |
| Egypt and Mesopatamia | Both a bureaucratically administered state |
| Mycenaeans | Agean civilization developed a flourishing culture as a direct result of trade and commerce on the Aegean Sea |
| China | Yellow river |
| Mesopotamiia | Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |
| Egypt | Nile River |
| Hellenistic age | Fusion of Greek and Eastern cultures, increase in international trade and commerce, end of the Greek city-state system as a major political setting |
| Russia's desire to expand in the direction of the Ottoman Empire | Gain permanent access to the Mediterranean Sea |
| Feudalism in the early Middle Ages | No formal countries, but the fiefdom held economic and political power |
| Europe referred to as Christendom during Middle Ages | Church became the preserver of civilization in both political and religious life |
| Scientist that supported heliocentric (sun centered) theory of solar system | Galileo |
| Industrial Revolution in England | Large quanitites of coal and iron, rapid increase in middle class, large supply of cheap labor |
| John Locke's assumption of natural laws contrasted | Absolutism |
| Economic system facilitates Darwinism | Capitalism |
| Spain | Initial control of Southwest of N. America and Florida |
| France | Initial control of Mississippi River, Louisiana Territory, Great Lakes, Canada |
| No founded as a result of religious persecution | Georgia |
| Founded as a result of religious persecution | Maryland, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania |
| Why French aidid the English during American Revolution | France viewed the revolution as a means to gain territory at the expense of Britain, France wanted to limit the economic growth of England, France and England were already at war on the European continent |
| Declaration of Independence | Ideals of social contract borrowed heavily from John Locke |
| Federalism practiced in early Republic | Local governments are sovereign in matters of local concern |
| Northeast section of the U.S. opposed to 1812 war | Because of the expansionist goals of the West |
| Fundamental concept of Magna Carta in American law | The concept of religious freedom |
| Major military strategy of North based on dividing the south | Mississipppi River |
| True of Andrew Johnson's presidency during reconstruction | Vetoed numerous Radical Republican congressional acts |
| Emergence of National Parties in US | Federalist, Democratic, Whig, Republican |
| Economic development of American west during 19th century | Barbed wire |
| Main immigrants to US from 1840 - 1880 | Northern and Western Europe |
| Northeast industrial expansion before Civil War | Abundant natural resources, access to Great Lakes and ports of foreign shipments, availability of cheap labor |
| CA Indians prior to European contact | CA had greatest concentration of Indians in N. America |
| Gold rush created statehood, impacted landscape of US because | Temprary resolution to the free/slave state controversey |
| Majority of native Californians lived in or near | Central Valley and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada |
| Cesar Chavez - Political reforms in | Unionization of migrant farm workers |
| Hiram Johnson as governor of CA, progessive movement failed to ahceive these reforms | Adding amendments to the CA constitution to protect workers rights, passage of initiative, referendum, and recall, establishing a railroad commision |
| Native Californian who became president | Richard Nixon |
| CA state flower | Golden Poppy |
| CA state tree | Redwood |
| CA state freshwater fish | Golden Trout |
| CA state bird | Quail |
| Greatest increase in migratio to CA | 1940 - 1950 |
| Olmec | 1200-400BC |
| Maya | AD 250 - 900 |
| Aztec | 1325 AD - 1521 AD |
| Inca | AD 1200 - 1533 |
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