Chapter 17: Special Senses
Order by
110 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 General Senses include: | somatic sensations, visceral sensations |
| Somatic sensations include: | tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive |
| where are general senses located? | scattered throughout the body |
| What kind of sturcture do general senses have? | simple structures |
| Special senses include: | smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium |
| Where are the special senses located? | concentrated in specific location in the head |
| What kind of structures do special senses have? | anatomically distinct structures |
| Sense of smell is also callled what? | olfaction |
| what kind of receptors are smell receptors? | chemoreceptors |
| How many receptors are in the olfactory epithelium? | between 10-100 million |
| What are cilia? | tiny hair like structures |
| location of the olfactory organs | upper nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae and a portion of the nasal septum |
| what do olfactory organs consist of? | receptor cells, supporting cells, basal stem cells |
| the cilia are sensitive to what kind of change? | chemical concentration |
| Columner epithelial cells provide: | physical support, nourishment, electrical insulation, detoxify chemicals |
| What is unusual about Basal Stem Cells? | they continuously divide |
| about how many oders can you detect? | about 10,000 |
| process of sensing an oder | olfactory hair, g-protein activation, activation of odenylate cyclase, opening of Na+ channels, infow of Na+, generator potential, nerve impulse through olfactory nerves, olfacotry bulbs, olfactory tract, cerebral cortex |
| speed of olfactory receptors adaptation | quickly |
| Papillae | elevated part of the tongue |
| what is located on the papillae | taste buds |
| three types of epithelial cells of taste buds | supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, basal cells |
| how many gustatory hari cells per taste buds? | 50 |
| Water (saliva) | chemicals must be dissolved in this in order to be tasted |
| 5 types of taste | sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami |
| Location of sweet receptors | tip of tongue |
| location of sour receptors | lateral edges of the tongue |
| location of salt receptors | tip and upper lateral portion of the tongue |
| location of bitter receptors | posterior of the tongue |
| location of the umami receptors | posterior of tongue |
| Speed of taste receptors adapting | quickly |
| Taste impulses travel on what 3 nerves | facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus |
| 3 regions of hearing | external, middle, and internal |
| parts of the external ear | auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane |
| Parts of the middle ear | auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes auditory tube |
| parts of the internal ear | labyrinth (bony and membranous) |
| Bony labyrinth is | perilymph |
| Membranous labyrinth is | endolymph |
| Location of oval and round window | membranous region |
| length of external auditory meatus | 2.5 cm long |
| what does the auricles collect? | sound waves |
| another name for the tympanic membrane | eardrum |
| air filled space in the middle ear | tympanic cavity |
| what do the auditory ossicles do? | transmit vibrations between the external ear and inner ear and amplify sound waves |
| malleus | attached to the eardrum, vibrates when the eardrum does |
| incus | passes vibrations from the malleus to the stapes |
| stapes | acts like a piston in the oval window transmitting vibrations to fluid in the inner ear |
| What does the fluid in the inner ear stimulate | hearing receptors |
| auditory or eustachion tube | connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx to help maintain equal air pressure on both sides of the eardrum |
| what makes the popping sound in your ears? | the ear is equalizing the pressure on both sides of the eardrum |
| ear infections | occure in the audiory tube |
| round window | opening of inner ear into middle ear |
| what is the round window covered by? | tympanic membrane |
| Tensor tympanic and stapedias muscles | attach to ossicles, help dampen large vibration of stapes protect oval window |
| labyrinth | inner ear is made up of a complex system of communicating chambers and tubes |
| 2 types of labyrinths | membranous and osseous |
| Perilymph | extracellular fluid located within the cochlea |
| Perilymph and endolymph regulate | electrochemical impulses of hair cells |
| location of endolymph | inside the membranous labyrinth |
| names of the semicircular canals parts | anterior, posterior, lateral |
| cochllea | snail shaped, contains a bony core and a thin bony shelves |
| parts of the cochlea | scalla bestibuli, scala tympani, bistoibular membrane, basilar membrane |
| scala bestibuli | chamber in the bony labyrinth above the cochlear duct, opens to the oval window |
| scala tympani | chamber below the cochlear duct, opens to the round window |
| vistibular membrane | seperates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli |
| basilar membrane | separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani |
| cochlear duct | chamber in the membraneous labyrinth which contains hearing receptors |
| Spinal organ | organ of hearing, rest on the basilar membrane inside of the cochlear duct |
| what kind of cells does the spiral organ have? | hair cells and supporting cells |
| first step of generating a sound | auricle directs sound waves into the external auditory meatus |
| 2nd step of generating a sound | sound waves strike the eardrum causng it ot vibrate |
| 3rd step of generating a sound | auditory ossicles amplify and transmit vibrations to end of staeps |
| 4th step of generating a sound | movement of stapes at the oval window sets up fluid pressure waves in perilymph of cochlea |
| 5th step of generating a sound | pressure waves are transmitted formt eh scala vestibuli to sala tympani and eventually the round window |
| 6th step of generating a sound | as the pressure waves deform the walls of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani, they pusth the vestibular membrane back and forth |
| 7th step of generating sounds | different fraquences of vibrations in endolymph stimulate ifferent sets of recepter cells |
| 8th step of generating sounds | as a receptor cell depolerizes its membrane becomes more permeable to calcium ions |
| 9th step of generating sound | inward diffusion of calcium ions causes vesicles at the base of the receptor cell to release neurotransmitters |
| 10th step of generating sound | neurotransmitters stimulate ends of nearby sensory neurons |
| 11th step of generating sound | sensory impulses are triggeredon fibers of the cochlear branch of bestibulocochlear nerve |
| 12th step of generating sound | nerve fibers carry impulses ot the auditoyr coctrices of the temporal lobes where they are interpreted |
| 13th step of generating sound | audiory cortex of temporl lobe interprets sensory impulses |
| frequency of normal hearing | 20-20,000 or more vibrations per second |
| 2 types of equilibruim | static and dynamic |
| what does satic equilibrum maintain | position of the head whenthe head and body are still |
| what does dynamic equilibrum naintain | maintain balance when the head and body suddenly move and rotate |
| where are the organs of the static equilibrium located | vestibule of the inner ear and inside the utricle and saccule |
| macula | tiny structure, consisting of hair cells, supporting cells |
| location of macula | inside the utricle and saccule |
| otoliths | grains of cacium carbonate |
| semicircular canals | detect motion of the head, and they aid in balancing the head and body during duddne movement |
| cristae ampullans | organs of the dynamic equilibrium |
| location of cristae amullans | in the ampulla of each emicircular canal of the inner ear |
| rapid turning of the head or boyd generates impulses of the what? | cupula and hair cells bend |
| eyelids | protects eye from foreign objects |
| 4 parts of the eyelid | skin, muscle connective tissue and conjunctiva |
| skin | thinest skin of the body |
| 2 types of muslces in the eylid | orbicularis oculi, lavator palpebrae suerioris |
| orbicularis oculi | sloses the lids when it contracts |
| labator palpabrae supererioris | raises the upper lid thus helps open the eye |
| connective tissue | holds the different layers together |
| conjunctiva | mucous membrane that lines the inner surfaces of the eyelids |
| 3 parts of the lacrimal apparatus | nasolacrimal ducts, lacrimal ducts, lacrimal glands |
| nasolacrimal ducts | two small ducts drain tears into the nasal cavity |
| lacrimal ducts | empy into the dedical corner of the eye |
| lacrimal glands | produce and secrete tears continuoulsy |
| function of tears | lubricate, cleanse, antibacterial agents |
| extrinsic mustle | attach to the sclera and move the eye in all directions |
| 2 different types of extrinsic muscles | rectus and oblique |
| 6 types of extrinsic eye muscles | superior rectus, inferir rectus medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.