Chapters 10, 11, and 12
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Created by:
bredfearn on March 23, 2010
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Description:
Terms for pathophysiology at Gateway Community College
Classes:
Pathophysiology, Pathophysiology
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97 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Upper GI | infections of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and duodenum |
| lower GI | infections of the small and large intestine, appendix, rectum, and anus |
| Peristalsis | the force that keeps the food bolus going down the tube |
| peritonitis | result of perforation of the digestive system and contents go into the abdomen |
| lacteal | transports materials that are unable to cross the walls of local capillaries to the lymph system |
| lymph system | ________ __________ transports fats and lipids to the blood stream, which carries them to the liver for processing |
| sjogrens | autoimmune disorder with decreased oral fluid, creates less break down of food by the mouth |
| digestive enzymes | amylase in the salivary gland and digests starch, pepsin in the stomach and digests protein, hydrochloric acid, |
| gastrin | stimulates HCI secretion |
| intrinsic factor | mediates absorption of bit B12 |
| duodenum | first 18 inches of the small intestine, breaks down food for absorption in the rest of the small intestine |
| enterokinase | activates pancreatic enzymes |
| cholecystokinin | stimulates gall bladder contraction and pncreatic secretion |
| secretin | stimulates secretion of pancreatic trypsin and chymotripsin |
| absorption | food is mostly absorbed in the small intestine but acohol is absorbed in the stomach, water and electrolytes in the colon |
| excretion | undigested food, various secretions excretory products of metabolism become feces |
| hematamesis, anemia | symptoms of a person with esophageal varices |
| pylori | bacteria that causes peptic ulcers and is able to survive in stomach by neutralizing acid with enzymes it secretes |
| bariatric surgery | procedudes that diminish the size or bypass the stomach, weight loss surgery |
| diverticula | pocket extending out of the intestine |
| polyps | growths on the inside of the intestine |
| stoma | artificial opening used for diseases such as cancer, crohns, ulcerative colitis |
| diarrhea | cholera, shigella, salmonella, botulinum, and ecolia are all organisms that cause _____________. |
| celiac sprue | autoimmune disorder that affects people of all ages, requires dietary restrictions of glutens |
| appendicitis | acute sudden fever, leukocytosis, abdominal pain |
| infectious peritonitis | rupture of the stomach, spread of infection from fallopian tubes, rupture of an abscess, infection of pre-existing ascites |
| sterile peritonitis | mediated by chemical irritation, acute pancreatitis due to a spill of pancreatic enzymes, rupture of gallbladder secondary to bile into peritoneum, postsurgical peritonitis caused by talc or surgical chemicals |
| hemorroids | varicosities of the anal and perianal region caused by increased pressure in the area, pregnancy, chronic constipation, or portal hypertension |
| kupffer cells | fixed liver phagocytes which scavenge for bacteria, blood cell fragments, ect. |
| hilus | point at which bile ducts exit from the liver and blood supply enters |
| dual blood | enters at hilus |
| portal vein | brings nutrient laden blood to the liver |
| hepatic artery | brings oxygenized blood to the liver |
| liver functions | excretory, bile it produces, metabolic- processing of food and metabolism of carbs, fats, and protein, storage- storing carbohydrates and lipids, synthetic- synthesis of all major plasma proteins except immunoglobins, detoxification- drugs, hormones, cytokins and metabolites |
| portal hypertension | caused by obstructed blood flow through the liver |
| anastomosis | veins connected by an opening due to surgery or hypertension |
| portal hypertension | undetoxified blood, missing liver metabolites, variscosities, splenomegaly, ascities, jaundice due to obstruction of bile ducts are caused by ________ ____________ |
| liver pain | liver is loosely connected and easily transplanted, covered with Glissons capsule which has many nerves, congestion may cause dull and diffuse pain. |
| jaundice | disruption of bilirubin processing, produces brown urine, tumors of the head of liver may occlude bile duct |
| gallstones | caused from bile and can result in cholecystitis or obstruction |
| hepatitis | most prevalent liver disease in the world, type a and b have vaccines |
| cirrhosis | alcoholic kind is the fourth most common killer of men 40 to 60 years of age, produces enlarged liver |
| liver necrosis | caused by tylenol ingested in doses exceeding 15g |
| alcoholic liver disease | alcohol affects enzyme balance, fluidity and function of cell membrane, intracellular transport of organelles and metabolites, Produces fatty changes in liver cells. |
| pancreas | 98% used for exocrine function, 2% for endocrine |
| pancreatic digestive enzymes | exocrine secretions amylase for starch, lipase for lipids, peptidases for protein, bicarbonate for stomach acid, proenzymes are inactive forms of enzymes, mucin |
| duodenum and vagus | release hormones to stimulate pancreatic production |
| pancreatic endocrine functions | insulin, glucagon, somatostatin |
| insulin | from beta cells and regulates the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, lowers blood sugar levels |
| glucagon | from alpha cells, stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose, raises blood sugar levels |
| somatostatin | enzyme that forms delta cells, an inhibiting hormone to maintain homeostasis |
| carcinoma of pancreas | difficult to detect early enough to effectively treat |
| pancreatic necrosis | state which causes release of pancreatic enzymes into the blood |
| autodigestion | premature activation of pancreatic enzymes causes destruction of the pancreatic tissue and creation of psuedocysts |
| pancreatitis | alcohol abuse induced state of the pancreas |
| type I | juvenile onset, require insulin the rest of their lives |
| type II | adult onset, diabetics may require insulin if the oral antidiabetics arent able to control blood sugars, Always know as type II diabetic per medicare ICD9 |
| The urinary tract | comprised of kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra |
| primary function | formation and excretion of urine, ultrafiltration are the _____________ _____________ of the kidneys |
| secondary function | secreting renin, a hormone that raises blood pressure, erythropoietin, the growth factor that stimulates the production of RBC's is the ______________ ___________ of the kidneys |
| nephron | is the functional unit of the kidney, where urine is formed |
| 1.25 million | number of functional units in each kidney |
| glomerulus and tubules | ________ and the ______________ are the primary sections of the nephron |
| glomerulus | consists of specialized capillaries that are modified so taht they allow selective passage of fluids and sollutes from the blood into the lumen, tubules, of the nephron. 90% of fluid is returned to the body |
| tubules | proximal convoluted, descending limb, nephron loop, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule - site of resorbtion |
| bowmans capsule | urine production occurs when fluid and waste are squeezed out of the glomurular capillaries into the ____________ |
| blood pressure | ____________ ____________ is the force that squeezes the fluid and waste out of the blood going into the glomerulus |
| chronic | _________ blood pressure causes thickening of membranes due to hypertension and less effective filtering in the glomerulus |
| diabetes | ______________ also causes thickening of membranes and AA compounds get caught in the membranes |
| proteinuria | loss of basement membrane permeability due to thickened membranes in the kidney, results in ____________ and indicates deteriorating renal function. |
| renin | _____________ helps regulate blood pressure |
| erythropoeitin | _____________ promotes production of b12 |
| stones | kidney ______________ may be removed by lithotripsy or surgery |
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | ______________ or BPH affects the passage of urine in men with enlarged prostate |
| pyelonephritis | ____________ is an infection of the renal pelvis |
| diabetes, multiple myoloma, lupis | ___________, ____________, and _____________ are three well known causes of pathology of the basement membranes of the glomerulus from antigen-antibody complexes |
| glomerulusclerosis | __________ caused by atherosclerosis of the renal arteries and branches |
| tubular necrosis | ___________ ____________ is the result of lack of oxygen and adverse actions of toxins or hypoperfusion of the kidneys |
| gout | ________ is when uric acid is deposited in the joints causing pain and in the kidneys resulting in hyperuricemia |
| metabolic glomerulopathy | ____________ _____________ or diabetes, thickended basement membrane, glomerulosclerotic, loss of permeability- proteinuria increased mesangial matrix, vascular changes, prone to infections |
| andrologist | _______ counter part of gynecologist, deal with infertility |
| urologist | _____________ deals with other male problems of the reproductive organs |
| urogenital pathologist | ___________ ___________deals with diseases of the male reproductive system |
| infertility | invitro fertilization for females, no progress for treating males in treating ____________ |
| testosterone | _________ is necessary for normal development, production controlled by pituitary gland, little is produced after birth until puberty, development of sex characteristics in males, necessary for fertility, stimulates development of prostate |
| leydig | _________ cells secrete testosterone |
| anterior pituitary | hormone production is directed by the _________ ____________ gland |
| chlamydia | ______________ is the most common STD |
| treponema pallidum | ___________ _____________ is the bacterial pathogen responsible for syphilis |
| chancre | ___________ is the name for ulcers in the primary stage of syphilis |
| condyloma latum | _____________ ____________ is the name of the secondary stage rash that appears in syphilis |
| Tertiary stage | severe effects on the cardiovascular and nervous system are characteristics of the __________ _________ of syphilis |
| BPH | benign prostatic hyperplasia or _______ is enlarged prostate, hormonally induced, imbalance of male and female hormones, impedes urination, nodules are benign and can be shelled out. |
| prostate | _________ is the most common type of tumor in men |
| prostate cancer | _________ _________ is the most common cause of cancer in men |
| robotic surgery | __________ ___________ are very helpful because they can remove tumors without disrupting nerves |
| True | true or false, most of the venous return from the digestive system and spleen goes directly to the liver via the portal system |
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