1.
2 Layers of mucous Membranes: epithelium and a connective tissue layer.
2.
3 things the skin releases onto its surface...: Salt osmosis, lysozyme, sebum
3.
A fever may: 1) enhance interferons 2) inhibits the growth of microorganisms 3) Enhances some parts the immune response 4) If fever gets out of control you can go into coma and death 5) Is a fever beneficial or not? NOT SURE
4.
Actions of Alpha and Beta Interferons: a) secreted after the cell in infected with virus b) Viral infected cell is doomed c) Binds to receptors on the membrane of other cells that are NOT infected. d) Triggers production of Antiviral Proteins (AVP) inside cell and shut it down) Antiviral Proteins are activated by binding to the double stranded RNA of Viruses.
5.
Actions of Gamma Interferons: 1. Released by the activation of T-cells and NK lymphocytes. 2. Stimulates the activation of Macrophages and Neutrophils.
6.
Adherence: 1. Bind through complementary proteins (glycoprotein) found on cell membranes of pathogens. 2. Opsonization-coating process with proteins that aid in adherence. Abs and complement.
7.
Agranulocytes: Without granules. Lymphocytes and Monocytes. And specialized cell called Dendritic.
8.
Alpha Interferons: Secreted by Monocytes, Macrophages and some Lymphocytes
9.
Alternate Pathway: pathagens or pathogenic products such a bacterial endotoxins and glycoproteins activate complement. Starts with the other half of C3. 1. NO antibody binding needed. 2. C3b binds to glycoproteins on the sureface of a bacteria or a fungus. 3. C3 binds to Properdin factors. 4. Splits more C3 molecules. 5. Activates the complement cascade (same process over) 6. Inflammation 7. Membrane attack complexes.
10.
Alternate pathway steps: 1.No antibody binding needed 2.C3 binds to glycoproteins on the surface of bacteria or a fungus.3. C3b bingd to Properdin actors 4. Splits more C3 molecules 5. Activates the complement cascade. (opsnization and dell lysis again, same process over) 6 Inflammation 7 Membrane attack complexes(receptors, pores or channels)
11.
B cells: Agranulocytes. Give off antibodies.
12.
Basophil: 
NOT a phagocyte. Good for parasite infections (worms) 0.5-1.0%. CAUSES allergies. a type one hypersensitivity. Cant see nucleus. Acidic inside, use basic stain.
13.
Benifits of inflamation: get increased permeability of blood vessels. More blood, more macrophages. Migration of phagocytes to the area and Tissue repair.
14.
Beta Interferons: Secreted by fibroblasts.
15.
Chemotactic factors: call more phagocyte to the area.
16.
Chemotaxis: Movement because of a chemical stimulus from 1. Microbial waste products 2. Damaged tissue 3. Cytokines (special protein signals).
17.
Ciliated columnar cells: have cilia, mucous that push pathogens out.
18.
Classical pathway mechanism: antibodies activate complement.
19.
Complement chemical: Serum proteins designated numerically according to the order of their discovery.
20.
Complement fixation: Classical pathway mechanism or the Alternate pathway
21.
Cytokines: Other chemicals in the body for different functions. 1. small proteins 2. Cell to cell communication 3. Serve as chemical communicatiors that release chemicals.
22.
Cytokines....examples: IL-1 IL-2 IL-3 IL-4 Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) , Interferons, There ar many more than this, Responsible for many functions.
23.
Defensins: are small peptides that 1) Act against a wide range of parasites 2) Punch holes in membranes 3) Production increses ue to a response to inflammation 4) Secreted by macrophages 5) Good at fighting many types of bacterial pathogens
24.
Defensins are: Another set of proteins that punch holes in membranes and cause cell lysis.
25.
Dendritic cells: Agranulocytes. Phagocyte, multi branched cells are scattered throughout the body particularly in the skin and mucous membranes where they wait for microbial invaders. Named for teir resemblances to neuron. Most efficient antigen trapper and the most efficient APC. Best phagocytes and the BEST ANTROGEN PRODUCING CELL.
26.
Dermis: contains collagen which PREVENTS deep cuts
27.
Digestion: 1. Phagosome fuses with Lysosome=phagolysosomes. 2. Digestive enzymes 3. Toxic oxygen derivatives (super oxides that WBC make) like free radicals and hydrogen peroxide. 4. After digestion it is a residual body.
28.
Elimination or put on MHC: Exocytosis----reverse of ingestion.
29.
Eosinophils: 
Phagocyte. CAUSES allergies or type one hypersensitivity. Are basic inside and use eosin to stain. They travel around the body and gobble up stuff. 2-4%
30.
Epidermis: top layers of dead cells tightly packed
31.
Fever Subsides: a) As infection subsides b) Less active macrophages c) Less IL-1 d) Everything starts to return to normal e) Start perspiring
32.
First Line of Defense: Physical Barrier
33.
Gamma Interferons: Secreted by T-lymphocytes and NK cells.
34.
Goblet cells: 
secrete sticky substance (mucous)
35.
Granulocytes: 
Large granules in cytoplasm. 1 Neutrophil 2. Basophil 3. Eosinophils
36.
histamine: causes asthma attack.
37.
IL-1: 1. releases macrophages. 2. Raises body tempurature over 37 degrees celcius. 3. Goes along with malaise , body aches, tiredness. 4. Caused by chemicals called Pyrogens. (think pyro, heat) 5 Relesed by phagocytes and many other cell types.
38.
IL-1 raises body tempurature: a) IL-1 stimulates the hypothalamus b) This then stimuates the body to raise the temperature c) Rapid and repetitive muscle contractions d) Shivering e) Increase metabolic rate ) Constricts blood vessels to keep the heat and blood in (makes you feel cold and clammy) g) Does all of this to raise the bodies core temperature.
39.
Inate: born with it, attacks all kinds, physical barrier exam. skin
40.
Inflammation can be from: heat, chemicals, sunburn, cuts and abrasions, pathogens
41.
Inflammation is: part of the immune response and is non-specific and can be chronic or acute.
42.
Interferons: Small proteins to fight a viral infection. Alpha, Beta, Gamma
43.
Lymphocyts: Agranulocytes. Mostly specific immunity except the NK lymphocytes. (Natural Killer)
44.
Lysozyme: destroys cell walls of bactera.....cellysis.
45.
Macrophages: scavengers, travelers, some do not wander.
46.
Mechanisms of Inflammation: Damaged cells release Histamine (causes asthma attack), Prostaglandins, and Leukotrine.
47.
Microbial Antagonism: 1. protects the body by competition. 2. Limits growth of pathogens. 3. Consume nutrients. 4. Controls pH.
48.
Monocyte---->Macrophages: Mono meaning blood and Macro meaning in tissue. Are phagocytes and APC. (antrogen producing cell) can't wonder.
49.
Mucous Membranes: continually shed and are replaced.
50.
Mucous membranes have: lysozyme in mucous. Eyeballs and spit.
51.
Mucous membranes in Trachea: have goblet cells and ciiated columnar cells.
52.
Neutrophil: 
Pyagocyte. PMN-polymorph nucleocyte. Most common WBC. 60-70% with a pH 7 inside cell (named Neutrophil) All will have different shaped nucleus.
53.
NK cells: Agranulocytes. Unspecific immunity. Take over job when T cell can't do it. Look for and kill cells that are infected with viruses or that have cancer.
54.
Non-specific Chemical Defenses: Complement chemical, cytokines, interferons, fever caused by IL-1,
55.
Normal Flora: protects and acts as a microbial antogonism.
56.
Phagocytosis in 5 steps..: 1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3.Ingestion 4.Digestion 5. Elimination
57.
Physical Barrier: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Normal Flora
58.
Salt-osmosis: water out of bacteria, keeps bacteria from growng except staph.
59.
Sebum: its oily and keeps pH to around 4 and inhibits bacteria.
60.
Second line of defense: cellular. White cells. Leukocytes.
61.
Serum proteins: 1. Opsonins 2. Chemotactic factors call more phagocyte to the area 3. Cell lysis, made in liver floating in the blood.
62.
Signs of Inflammation: redness, pain, edema (swelling) and heat in the region.
63.
Skin: Two layers, Epidermis and Dermis
64.
T cells: Agranulocytes. Either activates immune system or kill cells with viruses or cancer. Look for and kill the cells that are infected with viruses or that have cancer. CANNOT be killed by T-cells.
