Fread-Biology Exam Review
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brittanyisraw on March 25, 2010
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79 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 homeostasis | the steady-state physiological condition of the body |
| cell | the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm |
| characteristics of all living things | organization and cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, change through time |
| organization and cells | the high degree of order within an organism's internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world |
| response to stimuli | the ability for organisms to respond and react to changes in the environment |
| homeostasis | a mechanism that allows organisms to maintain stable internal conditions |
| metabolism | the sum of all chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment |
| growth and development | involves cell divisioin, and development of the cell; the formation of two new cells from an existing cell; a process by which an organism becomes a mature adult |
| reproduction | when organisms trasmit heredity information to their offspring, a process when organisms produce new organisms like themselves |
| change through time | when organisms "evolve" into new species over time and develop |
| scientific method | science characterized by organization; observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, data collection and analysis, conclusion |
| observation | the act of perceiving a natural occurence that causes someone to pose a question; the first step of the scientific method |
| hypothesis | a proposed explanation for the way a particual aspect of the natural world functions |
| prediction | is a statement that forecasts what would happen in a test situation if the hypothesis were true |
| experiment | used to test a hypothesis and its prediction |
| data collection and analysis | to combine all of the recieves information and come out with possible solutions |
| conclusion | the final information that is concluded from the information taken from the data |
| atoms | proton, neutron, and electron |
| proton | subatomic particle, postively charged |
| neutron | subatomic particle, no charge |
| electron | an atom wiht a small number of positively charges protons and is balanced by an equal number of small, negatively charged particles |
| How do atoms gain energy? | by moving very quckily and absorbing energy from things around them |
| chemical reactions | one or more substance that change to produce one or more different substances |
| activation energy | in a chemical reaction, the amount of energy that is needed to start the reaction |
| enzymes | a protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| purpose of enzymes | to speed up metabolic reactions |
| enzymes make-up | a protein or a RNA molecule |
| pH scale | determines how acidic or neutral a substance is; 0-14, the lower the number the more acidic the substance is |
| carbohydrates | organic compunds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen, 1:2:1 |
| lipids | large, nonpolar organic molecules; do not disolve in water; include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments |
| proteins | organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; formed by the linkage of monomers (amino acids) |
| nucleic acid | very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell; 2 main types: deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid; |
| amino acid | proteins are formed from a linkage of monomers; 20 types; each contains a central carbon atom covently bonded to four other atoms or functional groups |
| polysaccharides | a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides; animals store glucose in this form |
| cell size vs. volume | limited by the relationship of the cell's outer surface area to its volume; volume increases much faster than its surface area |
| cell membrane | the thin layer that surronds all types of cells |
| vacuole | a large, fluid-filled organelle that stores not olny water but alos enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials |
| mitochondria | tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| ribosome | organelles made of proteins and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| golgi complex | a system made up of flattened, membranous sacs; can add carbohydrates labels to proteins or alter new lipids in various ways |
| lysosomes | vesticles that bud from the Golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes; can break down large molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and phospholipids |
| endoplasmic reticulum | ER; a system of membraneous tubes and sacs, function primarily as an intracellular highway, a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another |
| nucleus plastids | organelles that are surronded by a double membrance and containing their own DNA; are supplied in the nucleus of plant cells |
| plant cells | contain cell walls, a large central vacuoles, and plastids; make their own carbon-containing molecules directly from carbon taken in fron the environment; use photosynthesis, convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars |
| animal cells | a phospholipid bilayer, a eukaryote cell, do not convert carbon dioxide into sugar, consist of a Golgi appartatus |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; example- forest fires |
| osmosis | process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; example-water diffusion across a cell membrane |
| active transport | cells must moce materials from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration or up and down the concentration gradient; example-sodium-potassium pump |
| sodium-potassium pump | a type of active transport in animal cells involves a carrier protein; this protein transports Na+ ions and K+ ions up their concentration gradients |
| endocytosis | the process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, adn large particles, including other cells |
| exocytosis | the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrance to let the substance out of the cell |
| hypotonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell |
| hypertonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell |
| isotonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell |
| glycolysis | a biochemical pathway in which one six-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid |
| Krebs cycle | a biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA producing CO2 hydrogen atoms, and ATP; 5 main steps occuring in the mitochondial matrix |
| electron trasport system | linked with chemiosmosis, constitues the second stage of aerobic respiration, a series of molecules in a membrane that transfers electrons from one molecule to another |
| mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| stages of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| prophase | the first phase of mitosis, begins with shortening na dtight coiling of DNA into rod-shaped chromosomes that can be seen with a light microscope |
| metaphase | the second phase of mitosis, chromosomes are easily identified by using a microscope than during other phases; the kinetochore fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the dividing cell |
| anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, the chromatids of each chromosomes seperate at the centromere and slowly move, centromere first, toward opposite poles of the dividing cell; after the chromatids seperate, they are considered to be individual chromosomes |
| telophase | the forth phase of mitosis, after the chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, the spindle fibers disassemble, and the chromosomes return to a less tighly coiled chromatin state; a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromomes, adn a nucleolus forms in each of the newly forming cells |
| diploid | two autosomes for each homologous pair; two sex chromosomes |
| haploid | sperm and egg cells, which contain only one set of chromosomes, are half the number of chromosomes present in diploid cells |
| Mendels Laws | Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment |
| Law of Dominance | controlled by the dominant factor because it is masked, or dominated the factor for the other trait in the pair |
| Law of Segregation | states that a pair of factors is segregated, or seperated, during the formation of gametes |
| Law of Independent Assortment | states that factors seperate independently of one another during the formation of gametes |
| phenotype | an organisms appearance |
| genotype | an organism's genetric makeup, consists of the alleles that the organism inherits from its parents |
| Punnett squares | to aid prediction the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring |
| hybrid | another word for heterozygous, when two alleles in the pair are different |
| photosynthesis | to convert light energy from the sun into chemical engery into the form of organic compounds, primarily carbohydrates |
| eukaryotic | an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle, eukaryotes include animals, plants, and fungi but not bacteria or archaea |
| prokaryotic | a single-celled organism that has no membrane-bound organelles, examples include bacteria and archaea |
| Calvin cycle | a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar, carbon atoms from CO2 in the atomosphere are bonded or "fixed" into organic compounds |
| anaerobic respiration | describes a process that does not require oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | a process that requires oxygen |
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