Chapter 4: Developing Through The Life Span
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BrianaRae93 on March 27, 2010
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Chapter4: Developing Through The Life Span from 8th edition AP Psych book (Myers)
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54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Developmental Psychologists | Psychologists who Study our changing abilities from womb to tomb. |
| Zygote | a fertilized egg. |
| Embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month (8 wks.). |
| Fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. |
| Teratogens | agents, such as chemicals, viruses and harmful substances that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant. |
| rooting Reflex | reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth of cheek; a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple |
| Maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
| Schemas | concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information. |
| Assimilation | fitting in new ideas into your old schemas. (squeezing it in) |
| Accommodation | adjusting our old schemas for new schemas. |
| Cognition | mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| Sensorimotor Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. (looking, hearing, touching, grasping, grabbing, and putting things in the mouth) |
| Object Permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when they are covered or not in the room. |
| preoperational stage | .in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. |
| Conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
| Egocentrism | In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperation child to understand the point of views of others. |
| Theory of Mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict. |
| Autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind. |
| Concrete Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. |
| Formal Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. |
| Stranger Anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. |
| attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. |
| Critical Period | a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned. |
| Imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. |
| Basic Trust | According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, the caregiver makes the child feel safe. |
| self-concept | A sense of one's identity and self-worth. |
| Authoritative parenting style | parents set clear standards for their children but are also responsive to their needs and wishes. |
| Authoritarian parenting style | Child has no say and the parent makes all the rules and there is no wiggle room and ALL rules are followed. |
| Permissive Parenting style | Parent has virtually no rules and the child does whatever they want with no restrictions. |
| Adolescence | The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. |
| Puberty | the period of life in which a person becomes physically capable of reproduction. |
| primary sex characteristics | The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible. |
| secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. |
| preconventional morality | Before age 9, the person will obey the rules to avoid punishment or to gain rewards. |
| Conventional Morality | Early adolescence, follow the rules because it is the law or to fit social norms. |
| Postconventional morality | not all people reach this level, if rules are unjust or if they go against your morals you refuse to follow it and will go out of your way to make a change. |
| Trust vs Mistrust | Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner. |
| Autonomy vs shame and doubt | Erikson's second stage during the 2nd year of life, refers to infants increased ability to control their muscles and impulses which parents should patiently encourage. |
| Initiative vs guilt | Erikson's third stage that occurs during the ages of 3-5 years, , children encounter a widening social world, facing new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior; assume responsibility for their bodies, behavior, toys, and pets, taking initiative and feeling guilt if they are irresponsible. |
| Competence vs inferiority | Erickson's stage 4: school-age children use tools and acquire skills necessary for adult life; mastery builds competence - failure builds inferiority and inadequecy |
| Identity vs role confusion | Erikson stage 5 - teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused of who they are. |
| Intimacy vs isolation | erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development, in which young adults make lasting friendships and fall in love or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absortion. |
| Generativity vs stagnation | Erikson's seventh stage- during middle adulthood adults feel the need to pass something on to the next generation (children or a career that benefits the world somehow), failure to do so results in a sense of emptiness. |
| Integrity vs despair | Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives; if happy they can die happy or if they have regrets they feel despair and die miserably. |
| identity | one's sense of self; who you are. |
| intimacy | the ability to form close, loving relationships. |
| Alzheimer's | a progressive and irreversable brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning. |
| cross sectional studies | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. |
| longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. |
| crystallized intelligence | one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age; wisdom, the knowledge you gained through the years. |
| Fluid Intelligence | one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. |
| social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. |
| menarche | the first menstrual period. |
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