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Ostrogoths brought to Italy by Zeno, defeated Huns under King Theodosius, managed to maintain a Roman tradition of government Theodoric (493-526) king of Ostrogoths, Roman education, died in 526 Lombards invaded Italy in 568, conquered most if northern & central Italy, harsh rulers Ravenna became capital of imperial government, controlled by Byzantines, in Italy Visigoths had no hereditary monarch, no established procedure for choosing new rulers, church officials tried to help develop a sense of order Angles Germanic tribe, from Denmark & northern Germany, made settlements when Romans left Saxons Germanic tribe, from Denmark & northern Germany, made settlements when Romans left Germanic Law was personal, "eye for an eye", this system started to get out of control wergeld put in place of Germanic Law, means "money for a man", value was different depending on the social status compurgation the swearing of an oath by the accused person, backed up by a group of "oath-helpers", 12-25 people, swore that the accused person should be believed the ordeal many different forms, all based on the principle of divine intervention, divine forces wouldn't allow an innocent person to be harmed Justinian (527-565) nephew and heir of the previous emperor, been well trained in imperial administration, was determined to reestablish the whole Mediterranean Roman world Belisarius best general of the late Roman world, quickly destroyed Vandals in North Africa, defeated Ostrogoths in 552 Justinian's Law Code (Corpus Iuris Civilis) body of civil law, completed in 529, 2 more parts appeared after 4 years, Digest & Institutes, 4th part was Novels Procopius (500-562) best known Byzantine historian, wrote "Wars", & "Secret History", "Wars" modeled after Thucydides Theodora empress of Justinian, influenced him in church & state affairs, strong-willed & intelligent Hagia Sophia completed in 537, Church of the Holy Wisdom, center of it is 4 large piers crowned by an enormous dome, part of the royal palace complex Hippodrome huge amphitheater constructed of brick & marble, held as many as 60000, had gladiator & chariot events Heraclius (610-641) empire faced attacks from Persians, also Slavs attacked during his reign, eastern part of empire had many problems theme combined civilian & military officers into one ruler, civil governor was also the military leader, this increased militarization of the empire Yarmuk (636) Romans defeated, lost Syria & Palestine, Arabs moved into the old Persian Empire & conquered it Bulgars defeated Eastern Romans, took possession of the lower Danube River, set base for Bulgarian kingdom Iconoclastic controversy threatened the stability of the empire, was a dispute about the importance of religion, theological disputes took an exaggerated form Iconoclast what the opponents of icons were called, based on the use of images & icons, icons shouldn't be worshiped Leo III (717-741) outlawed icon use, monks didn't like it, Roman popes were opposed to the iconoclastic edicts Michael III (842-867) empire began to experience a revival, reforms in education, church, life, military, & economy, Bulgars still attacked, Arabs still harassed empire Patriarch Photius condemned the pope as a heretic, took him because of the acceptance of a revised Nicene Creed, stated the Holy Spirit proceeded from the father & son Macedonians (867-1081) a new dynasty of Byzantine emperors, held off external enemies, reestablished domestic order