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porifera sponges amoebocytes main job is digestion and skeletal fibers choanocytes main job is food capture and it has a collar and lines the spongocoel or internal water chambers endocytosis sponges bring in food through what? osculum releases food in sponges hermophrodites sponges "sexual orientation" diffusion sponges "breathe" (bring in oxygen) by spongocoel water is drawn through pores in the body wall of this saclike animal into a central cavity called the suspension feeders sponges collect food particles by a filter feeding system called mesohyl gelatinous matrix between the two body-wall layers amoebocytes In the mesohyl are what? mesohyl Where are eggs in sponges cynideria What phylum are jellyfish? medusa Which kind of jellyfish have tentacles pointing downward polyp what kind of jellyfish have tentacles pointing upward (coral) metazoan sponges are what, regarding tissues? gastrovascular cavity What is the opening do jellyfish use for digestion? cnidocytes structures that contain nematocytes nematocysts the jellyfish's harpoon-like structures used to capture food cnetophora scientific name for cone-jellies mesoglea gelatinous material that's sandwiched between the epidermis (ectoderm and endoderm) and gastrodermis hydrostatic skeleton what kind of skeleton is the gastrovascular cavity of the jellyfish? hydrozoans What alternate between an asexually reproducing polyp and a sexually reproducing medusa form? polyp The common, freshwater hydras exist only in what form? scyphozoans The medusa stage is more prevalent in the what? open ocean the sessile polyp stage often doesn't occur in the jellies of the what? muscles in jellyfish are bundles of microfilaments arranged into contractile fibers acting as what? cubozoans what have a box-shaped medusa stage and complex eyes in the fringe of their medusae? cubozoans Many species, of what, such as the sea wasp, have highly toxic cnidocytes? polyps sea anemones and corals occur only as what external skeletons Corals secrete calcified what, and the accumulation of such skeletons produces coral? triploblastic clade bilateria consists of bilaterally symmetrical animals with what kind of development? coelomates Most Bilateria are are what, relating to body cavities? platyhelminthes includes flatworms nerve cord What kind of nervous system do flatworms have? pharynx in flatworms, the muscular tube to bring food in, and bears jaws that grind the ingested microorganisms. ganglia What are clumped nervous cells, that give rudimentary control? ganglia What kind of nervous system do flatworms have? nerve cord What in the flatworm gives it directional movement? acoelomate a solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall tripoblastic acoelomates structurally, free-living flatworms are what? nitrogenous diffusion of what kind of wastes occur across the body wall? osmoregulation ciliated flame bulbs associated with branched ducts function in what? turbellarians What include freshwater planarians and other, mostly marine, free-living flatworms? planarians What move using cialia to glide on secreted mucus or may use body undulations to swim? planarians reproduce asexually by regeneration or sexually by copulation between hermaphroditic worms flukes (trematodes) Adapted to live as parasites in or on other animals, what have a tough outer covering, suckers, and extensive reproductive organs? monogeans Most what are external parasites of fishes and have a simple life cycle with ciliated larvae dispersing to new hosts? tapeworms as parasites, mostly of vertebrates, what consist of scolex, with suckers and hooks for attaching to the host's intestinal lining, and a ribbon of proglottids packed with reproductive organs? alimentary canal rotifers are smallers than many protists but have what, with separate mouth and anus, and other organ systems? pseudocoelom a body cavity not completely lined by mesoderm pseudocoelom In a rotifer, what functions as a hydrostatic skeleton and a circulatory system? cilia What do rotifers use to capture food? pharynx In rotifers, the what bears jaws that grind the ingested microorganisms? molluscs soft-bodies, mostly marine animals, most of which are protected by a shell. foot In the mollusc, what is used for movement? visceral mass In the mollusc, what contains internal organs? mantle In the mollusc, what covers the visceral mass and may secrete a shell? mantle cavity In molluscs, what is a water-filled chamber formed by the extension of the mantle? mantle cavity In molluscs, what encloses the gills, anus, and excretory pores? radula What is used for feeding by many molluscs? trotophore Many marine molluscs have a life cycle that includes a ciliated larva called what, also found in marine annelids? Chitons oval marine animals with shells that are divided into eight dorsal plates chitons This type of algae clings to and creeps slowly over rocks, where it feeds on algae. gastropods snails and slugs gastropods largest molluscan class molluscs A distinctive feature of which class is torsion? torsion The embryonic rotation of the visceral mass that results in the anus and mantle cavity being above the head radula Most gastropods graze on plant material with their what? gills Land snails lack what breathing structure? mantle cavity For land snails, the lining of the what functions as a lung? mid-dorsal Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops have the two halves of their shell hinged at which line? bivalves clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops suspension feeders What are bivalves, pertaining to the system in which they eat? squid What mollusc has a reduced and internal shell? ammonites What were the dominant invertebrate predators until their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period? bilateral most animals have what kind of symmetry? muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle What are the three things all molluscs have? Annelids segmented worms nematodes nonsegmented pseudocoelomates covered by a tough cuticle arthropods segmented coelomates that have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages echinoderms starfish arthropods In terms of species diversity, distribution, and vast numbers, what are the most successful group of animals? trilobites early arthropods with uniform appendages exoskeleton What is made of a cuticle of chitin and protein? exoskeleton provides protection and points of attachment for the muscles that move the appendages? open circulatory system A system in which there's no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid. open circulatory system A system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly. cheliceriforms, myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans arthropods diverged into four evolutionar lineages cheliceriforms horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, mites, and ticks cheliceriforms What serve as pincers or fangs used for feeders in chelicerae? cheliceriforms have an anterior cephalothorax and an abdomen eurypterids large predatory, the earliest cheliceriforms arachnids most modern cheliceriforms six In arachnids, the cephalothorax has how many pairs of appendages? pedipalps sensing or feeding appendages in arachnids four In arachnids, there are how many pairs of walking legs? chelicerae the muscular jaws of an arachnid book lungs In most spiders, what, consisting of stacked internal plates, function in gas exchange? myriapoda millipedes and centipedes are in the subphylum what? diplopoda the millipedes of class what are wormlike, segmented vegetarians with two pairs of walking legs per segment millipedes may have been one of the first land animals mandibles Chilopoda have appendages modified as jaw-like what? chilopoda terrestrial carnivores with mandibles and poison claws thorax and abdomen In a typical insect, the what and what have obvious segments? insects in what does the nervous system consist of a cerebral ganglion and paired ventral nerval cords with segmental ganglia incomplete metamorphosis In what, the young are smaller versions of the adult and pass through several molts before developing wings and becoming sexually mature complete metamorphosis in what, the larvae look entirely different from the adult.