Review part 1 (10 a day)
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bitsofglassmuffin on April 6, 2010
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88 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Albrecht Durer | (Renaissance) Master of woodcut and first Northern European artist to master techniques of the Italian Renaissance such as proportion, perspective, and modeling. Some of his famous works include St. Jerome; Knight, Death, and Devil; and Four Apostles. He was well versed in classicism and humanism and was the first to create printed illustrations in books. |
| Johann Tetzel | (Reformation) Pope Leo X commissioned this monk to raise money for the Catholic Church. He went throughout northern Germany selling indulgences, which were official ablutions for sins. Such actions infuriated Martin Luther and other critics of the Church and helped to spark the Reformation. |
| Edict of Nantes | (Protestant Reformation) King Henry IV of France granted Huguenots, French Protestants, limited political freedoms and freedom of worship in 1598. This temporarily brought peace among civilians but was unpopular among Catholics. Later revoked by Louis XIV in 1685 causing Huguenot emigration wave. |
| John Wycliff | (Reformation) Criticized corruption of church and clergy in the 1300's. Challenged the papal infallibility and called for the clergy's power to be replaced with the Bible. Individual interpretation of Bible by all Catholics. He and Jan Hus paved the way for the Protestant Reformation. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | (Exploration and Colonization) Spain and Portugal divided the Atlantic Ocean from north to south so there would not be competition between the two nations in their explorations. Spain received territory west of the line and Portugal received the east. |
| Treaty of Nanjing | (Age of Exploration) Ended the Opium War between China and England in 1842. England gained control of Hong Kong and regional ports. British citizens were given extraterritoriality rights. |
| Vulgate | (Middle Ages) Latin translation of the Bible by Jerome adopted as the standard version used by the Catholic Church. |
| 95 Theses | (Reformation) List of complaints and reforms by Martin Luther. Luther claimed Tetzel's actions of selling indulgences as wrong and his protests ignited the Reformation. |
| Millets | (Middle Ages) Religious and ethnic minorities organized themselves into administrative units governed by laws particular to their needs within the Ottoman Empire. |
| William Laud | (Tudor England) Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Charles I in England. He tried to force the Book of Common Prayer upon the Scottish. He was executed by Parliament during the English Civil War. |
| De Medicis | (Italian Renaissance) Wealthy family of merchants and bankers who controlled Florence during the Renaissance. Members of their family such as Lorenzo subsidized the arts which contributed to the flourishing of the Renaissance. |
| Oliver Cromwell | (English Civil War/Republican Interregnum) Puritan who led the Roundhead army in the English Civil War against Charles I. The Roundheads defeated Charles and a republic, or commonwealth, was established by this man in England. He served as "Lord Protector" in the "Interregnum" period of England. |
| Petition of Right | (English Civil War) Members of Parliament presented this to James I in response to his absolutist tendencies. It said the King could not tax without the consent of Parliament, quarter troops in private homes during peacetime, declare martial law, or imprison people without definite charges. |
| James I | (English Civil War) Son of Mary Queen of Scots who ruled both England and Scotland together until 1625. His beliefs in divine-right rule and Anglicanism resulted in conflict with the predominantly Puritan Parliament. |
| Roundheads and Cavaliers | (English Civil War) Supporters of Parliament included non-Anglican Protestants and Puritans. Supporters of the king were mostly Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and nobles. |
| Charles I | (English Civil War) Stuart son of James I who served as King of England from 1625-49. Eventually he was beheaded by the Roundheads at the end of the Civil War. This king quarreled with the Puritan Parliament over war expenses from Scotland and Ireland. He further angered the Parliament by advancing his belief in divine-right and married a Catholic, French princess. |
| Diet of Worms | (Protestant Reformation) Martin Luther was summoned to this special imperial council in Germany after his excommunication in 1521. He was ordered to abandon his ideas of reform, and he refused to do so and thus was banished from the empire. He fled to Saxony. |
| Index of Forbidden Books | (Counter-Reformation) Pope Paul IV wrote this forbidding Catholics from reading material considered "harmful" to faith or morals.This shows the significance of the printing press in spreading Reformation ideas. |
| Long Parliament | (English Civil War) Parliament assembled by Charles I in 1640 that lasted 20 years. It was involved in the civil war against Charles. |
| Presbyterianism | (English Civil War) Scottish Protestantism that Charles I tried to conform to Anglican practices. Charles incited conflict with Scotland due to this religious difference. |
| Johannes Guttenberg | (Northern Renaissance) Invented the printing press which enabled books to be printed quickly and efficiently. He used his invention to make copies of the Bible. The printing press helped the spread of Renaissance and Reformation ideas throughout Europe. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | (Exploration and Colonization) Italian navigator crossed the Atlantic multiple times and officially named the land Columbus mistook to be Asia the "New World". A German cartographer later renamed the land "America" in honor of the navigator's work. |
| Star Chamber Courts | (English Civil War) Special courts under James I designed to punish political dissenters and Puritans. These courts symbolized absolutism dating back to Henry VII. |
| Baldasarre Castiglione | (Italian Renaissance) Diplomat who lived from 1478-1529 and published the famous Renaissance book, "The Book of the Courtier". It described the quintessential Renaissance man who was well versed in liberal arts and social graces, unlike the unrefined Middle Ages knight. |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | (Italian Renaissance) Florentine diplomat/historian who lived from 1469-1527 and wrote the famous essay, "The Prince". It described his view of a good government with a strong leader who concerned himself with political power and success. In it, he stated "it is better to be feared than loved." |
| Dutch East India Company | (Age of Exploration) Joint-stock company founded in 1602 that had complete control over trading (mostly spices) between the East Indies and the Netherlands. |
| Mercantilism | (Exploration and Colonization) Economic theory in the 1400's centered on the idea that a nation's wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver it had. This resulted in fierce competition for metallic riches via exploration and imperialism. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | (Italian Renaissance) Renaissance sculptor, painter, engineer, scientist, and architect who lived from 1452-1519. Famous works include "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa". His works embodied Renaissance investigation and its focus on the realist portrayal of human life. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | (Exploration and Colonization) Portuguese navigator whose crew was the first to circumnavigate the world and proved the world was round and that the New World was not a part of Asia. His exploration of the Pacific Ocean resulted in its name due to its pacific, or calm, nature. |
| Francesco Petrarch | (Italian Renaissance) Father of Humanism who lived from 1304-74 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic ventures and study of the classics. He did not write in the Italian vernacular except for in sonnets composed to his love who could not speak Latin. |
| Middle Passage | (Exploration and Colonization) Second branch of the three-part trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in which African slaves were transported across the Atlantic to be sold for products produced on plantations. It was a cruel and fatal passage. |
| Commercial Revolution | (Age of Exploration) Period of economic innovation that resulted from colonization and exploration between the late fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. Joint-stock companies rose and mercantilism grew. |
| Spanish Armada | (Tudor England) Fleet of 130 ships launched by the Catholic king Philip II of Spain to conquer England during the reign of Elizabeth I. England defeated the Spanish, who never again would pose a challenge as a naval force. |
| Desiderius Erasmus | (Northern Renaissance) Dutch scholar considered as the "Prince of Northern Humanists" who lived from 1465-1536. In his "Praise of Folly" he criticized the lack of spirituality in the Church and ridiculed the superstition, ignorance and vice of Christians on pilgrimages, in fasting, and the Church's interpretation of the Bible. |
| Bartholomeu Dias | (Exploration and Colonization) Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa--the Cape of Good Hope--and found the route to the Indian Ocean. This aided in establishing an overseas trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies, which gave Europeans access to cargoes of jewels and spices. |
| Christopher Columbus | (Exploration and Colonization) Italian explorer commissioned by Spanish Queen Isabella to find a shorter westward route to Asia. In 1492, he sailed on the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria headed west across the Atlantic. He landed on islands in the Caribbean which he thought to be the Indies. |
| John Calvin | (Protestant Reformation) Swiss leader of Protestantism and advocate of predestination who created theocracies in Swiss cantons. His ideas were spread to a large group in France called the Huguenots. |
| Priesthood of All Believers | (Protestant Reformation) Luther's idea that every believer could read and interpret the Bible, that all people of faith were equal in God's eyes. His idea challenged the Church's belief that priests had an exclusive ability to do this. |
| Predestination | (Protestant Reformation) John Calvin believed that from the beginning of time God has chosen which people would be saved and have salvation. These people were referred to as the "elect". The "chosen" people were expected to uphold the highest moral standards and adhere to the will of God. |
| Jesuits | (Counter-Reformation) Religious order known as the Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534. The order was created to strengthen the Church during the Counter-Reformation and members were committed to doing good deeds to achieve salvation. |
| Council of Trent | (Counter-Reformation) Summoned by Pope Paul III in an attempt to define Catholic doctrine and curb Protestant attacks on Catholic beliefs. The meetings did not reform the doctrines but instead put an end to several corrupt practices criticized by Reformers and reasserted traditional Catholic Doctrine. |
| Simony | (Reformation) The selling of high Church positions by Church leaders. Used to gain power for sons who were prevented from inheriting family wealth and land due to birth order. |
| Rump Parliament | (Republican Interregnum) Parliament under Cromwell's control that proclaimed England a republic and got rid of the House of Lords and the monarchy. |
| Justification of Faith Alone | (Protestant Reformation) Luther's ideas that people were led to salvation through inner faith in God alone instead of worldly rituals and good deeds. |
| Navigation Act of 1651 | (Republican Interregnum) Passed by the Parliament under Oliver Cromwell. It challenged Dutch supremacy of sea trade by having all goods shipped from other countries to England carried by English ships or ships from the country in which the goods were produced. Caused war between Dutch and English from 1652-54. |
| Catherine the Great | (Absolutism in Russia) Romanov despot of Russia from 1763-96 who introduced enlightened reforms to Russian society and expanded Russia's borders to the northern shores of the Black Sea, the Crimea, Polish territory, and Alaska. |
| Peter the Great | (Absolutism in Russia) Romanov ruler of Russia from 1682-1725 who brought Western European ideas to Russia, improved the army, gained control of the Orthodox Church, dominated the nobility, and changed Russia into a major world power. |
| Huguenots | (Protestant Reformation) French converts or adherents to Calvinism including people from the French nobility who wished to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. French Protestants. |
| Excommunication | (Reformation) Refusal of the Catholic Church to adminster the sacraments to a person. |
| Henry Hudson | (Colonialism)Dutch sailor employed by the British who searched for the Northwest Passage and laid claim to a great deal of Northern Canada. |
| Thomas Hobbes | (English Constitutional Monarchy) Philosopher who wrote Leviathan in which he said a state of chaos and war existed prior to a social contract forming a government. He stated that government should be led by a sovereign invested with absolute power in exchange for protection of safety and social order. |
| The Restoration | (English Constitutional Monarchy) In 1660, Parliament invited the Stuart, Charles II to return to England to rule. This ended Cromwellian republic. |
| Robert Walpole | (English Constitutional Monarchy) The chief minister of King George II until 1742 who worked for peace. He strengthened the British cabinet and added stability to the political landscape, thus earning the label as the first English "Prime Minister." |
| Jamestown | (Colonialism) England's first permanent settlement (1607) in North America, it was located in present-day Virginia. |
| Limited Constitutional Monarchy | (English Constitutional Monarchy) In this system of government, the monarch would retain the role of head of state but the monarch must consult with Parliament. Great Britain. |
| Hanoverian Succession | (English Constitutional Monarchy) No children of Queen Anne (1701-14) survived her, which lead to her great-grandson, George I, of the Germanic Hanoverian Family, becoming the English king. |
| Habeas Corpus Act | (English Constitutional Monarchy) 1679 Parliamentary action protecting people from arbitrary arrest and unfair imprisonment. An arrested individual must be seized with a specific charge and brought to a judge. |
| Glorious Revolution | (English Constitutional Monarchy) In 1688, Parliament gave the crown to the Protestants Mary II and William III as joint rulers instead of giving it to James II's catholic son. Bloodless and "glorious" transfer of power. |
| Charles II | (English Constitutional Monarchy) Stuart son of Charles I and king of England from 1660-85. He was called the "Merry Monarch" due to his restoration of a more liberal culture after the conservative republic of Cromwell. |
| John Locke | (English Constitutional Monarchy) Philosopher who wrote "Two Treatises of Government" in which he argued that individuals have natural rights of life, political equality, and property that could not be violated by a political leader in a social contract. He stated governments existed only to protect natural rights, and any that failed to do so should be overthrown. |
| Tories and Whigs | (English Constitutional Monarchy) One largely Anglican group believed in a hereditary monarchy and favored Charles II's Catholic brother, James, becoming king after the Restoration. Opposition to this group did not prefer his Catholicism and absolutist tendencies. |
| Decline of Spain | (Hapsburgs) Spanish industry and emigration weakened as a result of the rise in population along with inflation. The expulsion of Jews and Moors in 1492 also led to decline since they were productive members of the economy. |
| William of Orange | (Hapsburgs) Ruler of the Netherlands who led an independence revolt against the Hapsburg king of Spain, Philip II. |
| Charles V | (Hapsburgs) Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1516-56 and elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. Defended Hapsburg lands from the Ottomans and split the Hapsburg Spanish and Holy Roman lands between his son, Philip II, and his brother, Ferdinand I. |
| Sea Dogs | (Colonialism) Adventurous English sea captains who included people such as Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Sir Walter Raleigh. They challenged Portuguese and Spanish sea trade supremacy and robbed foreign vessels of valuables. |
| John Cabot | (Colonialism) Fifteenth-century English explorer who traveled to the coasts of Nova Scotia, New England, and Newfoundland. His voyages resulted in England's claim in North America. |
| Treaty of Westphalia | (Hapsburgs) Ended the Thirty Years' War (Protestant rebellion against Holy Roman Empire) in 1648. France received Alsace; the Netherlands and Switzerland gained independence from the Holy Roman Empire; and German princes were given near independence from the Empire. Also resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and end of the Reformation and Counter Reformation. |
| Pragmatic Sanction | (Hapsburgs) Before his death in 1740, Charles VI released this ordering all constituent Austrian lands to allow his daughter, Maria Theresa, to inherit Austria and other Hapsburg lands, even though she was a woman. |
| Frederick William I | (Prussia) Son of King Frederick I who ruled from 1713-40. He militarized Prussia, created an efficient tax system, and established compulsory education. |
| Frederick William | (Prussia) Hohenzollern ruler of Brandenburg, Prussia after the end of the Thirty Years' War. Known as "the Great Elector" who improved and rebuilt the state. |
| Hohenzollerns | (Prussia) Ruling family of the German state of Brandenburg, Prussia, which grew into an empire under their reign. Became Austrian Hapsburgs' chief rival. |
| Frederick II (the Great) | (Prussia) Son of Prussian King Frederick William I who ruled Prussia from 1740-86. He seized Silesia from Austria, which started the War of Austrian Succession and then the Diplomatic Revolution. |
| Diplomatic Revolution | (Prussia) Great Britain reversed its alliance with Austria and formed a relationship with Prussia which caused France to join with Austria and Russia to check Prussian power. |
| Seven Years' War | (Prussia) 1756-63; began in North America. Evolved into a war in Europe resulting from the alliances developed in the Diplomatic Revolution. It ended with Russia's surprise switch to an alliance with Prussia and a confirmation of Prussia's hold on Silesia. |
| Age of Enlightenment | (Enlightenment) 18th c. Period of scientific and philosophical innovation in which human nature was investigated and people sought to explain reality through rationalism, the idea that truth comes only through rational, logical thinking. Formed the basis of modern science. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | (Enlightenment) Eighteenth century British feminist who wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792) in which she argued for women's equality with men, even in voting. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | (Enlightenment) Philosophe who published the "Social Contract" in which he stated that people are born good but are corrupted by education, laws, and society. He advocated government based on popular sovereignty and distrusted other philosophes' conformity to "reason." |
| Voltaire | (Enlightenment) Philosophe who wrote "Candide," which satirized prejudice, oppressive government, and bigotry. Advocated freedom of religion and thought. |
| Montesquieu | (Enlightenment) Philosophe whose "Spirit of the Laws" (1748) described the British model of divided branches of government with checks and balances as the ideal system. His ideas later influenced the framing of the U.S. Constitution. |
| Philosophes | (Enlightenment) French term for "philosophers" and body of Enlightenment thinkers. Most famous for writing "Encyclopedia", a handbook for Enlightenment ideas, edited by Denis Diderot. |
| Roger Bacon | (Scientific Revolution) Franciscan monk, English philosopher, and scientist in the 1200's who advocated for a system of scientific experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting traditional Church and ancient beliefs without question. Led to the development of the scientific method. |
| Rene Descartes | (Scientific Revolution) (1596-1650) French philosopher and mathematician who wrote "Discourse on Method" which states that all assumptions had to be proven by known facts. He wrote "Cognito Ergo Sum" meaning "I think; therefore, I am." Method of questioning built upon strict, orderly logical reasoning. |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | (Scientific Revolution) (1500's) Polish scientist who abandoned the widely accepted geocentric theory that planets revolved around the Earth. Instead, he advocated the heliocentric theory which stated that the center of the universe was near the sun. |
| Johannes Kepler | (Scientific Revolution) Mathematician who used models, observations, and mathematics to prove Copernicus's heliocentric theory. Galileo later supported his work. |
| Galileo Galilei | (Scientific Revolution) Italian scientist who invented the telescope which enabled him to find new astronomical observations such as that not every planet revolves around Earth. Later work formed the basis for physics. |
| Isaac Newton | (Scientific Revolution) English scientist who wrote works explaining the law of universal gravitation and means of measuring motion. His work inspired the notion of natural and universal laws ordering and arranging life. |
| Andreas Vesalius | (Scientific Revolution) Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems. |
| William Harvey | (Scientific Revolution) English physician who used lab experiments to study the circulation of blood and its flow through the arteries and veins as well as the heart. |
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