BIOL 108 Exam 3 Vocab Review - Chp 10, 12, 13
About this set
Created by:
robswatski Teacher on April 7, 2010
Subjects:
biology, evolution, bacteria, microbiology, plant, fungi
Description:
This Exam 3 vocab flashcard review set includes the vocabulary words and definitions from Chp 10, 12, and 13 (What is Life? by Jay Phelan, 2010).
Classes:
Intro to Biological Science (BIOL 108) Study Group
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95 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 adaptive radiation | when a small number of species diversifies into a much larger number of species |
| allopatric speciation | speciation with geographic isolation |
| analogous trait | a feature that is produced by convergent evolution and is not inherited from a shared ancestor |
| archaea | a group of prokaryotes that are evolutionarily distinct from bacteria and thrive in some of the most extreme environments on Earth |
| background extinction | occurs at a lower rate during times other than periods of mass extinctions |
| biodiversity | the variety and variability among all genes, species, and ecosystems on Earth |
| biological species concept | describes how species are populations of organisms that interbreed, or could possibly interbreed, with each other under natural conditions, and that cannot interbreed with organisms outside their own group |
| class | a classification of organisms consisting of related orders |
| convergent evolution | a process that occurs when populations of organisms living in similar environments experience similar selective forces |
| domain | the highest level of the classification hierarchy, including the bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| extinction | the complete loss of all individuals in a species population |
| family | a classification of organisms consisting of related genera |
| genus | a classification of organisms consisting of closely related species |
| homologous feature | a trait that is inherited from a common ancestor |
| hybrid | offspring of individuals of two different species |
| hybridization | the interbreeding of closely related species |
| kingdom | one of six categories into which all organisms on Earth are classified |
| life | a physical state characterized by the ability to replicate and the presence of metabolic activity |
| macroevolution | the accumulated effect of microevolution over a long period of time |
| mass extinction | a large number of species become extinct over a short period of time due to extraordinary and sudden environmental change |
| microbe | any microscopic organism |
| microevolution | a slight change in allele frequencies over one or a few generations |
| microsphere | a membrane-enclosed, small, spherical unit containing a self-replicating molecule and carrying information, although no genetic material |
| monophyletic | all of the individuals are more closely related to each other than to any individuals outside of that group |
| morphological species concept | characterizes species based on physical features such as body size and shape |
| node | the common ancestor points at which species diverge |
| order | a classification of organisms consisting of related families |
| phylogeny | the evolutionary history of organisms |
| phylum | a classification of organisms consisting of related classes |
| polyploidy | an error during cell division in plants resulting in a doubling of the number of sets of chromosomes |
| postzygotic barrier | occurs after fertilization and generally prevents the production of fertile offspring from individuals of two different species |
| prezygotic barrier | makes it impossible for individuals to mate with each other, or if they can mate, makes it impossible for the male's reproductive cell to fertilize the female's reproductive cell |
| protist | includes most of the single-celled eukaryotes, such as algae |
| punctuated equilibrium | rapid periods of evolutionary change that are interspersed with longer periods with little change |
| reproductive isolation | the inability of individuals from two populations to produce fertile offspring with each other |
| ring species | populations that can interbreed with neighboring populations but not with populations separated by larger geographical distances |
| RNA world hypothesis | describes how the Earth may have been filled with RNA-based life before it became filled with the DNA-based life we see today |
| speciation | the process where one species splits into two distinct species |
| speciation event | a point in evolutionary history at which a given population splits into independent evolutionary lineages |
| species | different kinds of organisms |
| specific epithet | a noun or adjective added to the genus name to distinguish a species |
| sympatric speciation | the process of speciation without geographic isolation |
| systematics | a classification process that names and arranges species in a manner that indicates the common ancestors they share and the points at which they diverged from each other |
| viruses | biological entities that can replicate but which can conduct metabolic activity only by taking over the metabolic processes of a host organism and therefore fall outside the definition of life |
| capsid | the protein container that surrounds and protects the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of a virus |
| capsule | a layer surrounding the bacterial cell wall that can reduce dehydration, allowing bacteria to live in dry places like the surface of the skin |
| chemolithotroph | a type of microbe which feeds on inorganic molecules, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and iron |
| chemoorganotroph | a type of microbe which feeds on organic molecules, such as sugars |
| conjugation | the process where one bacterium transfers a copy of some of its genetic information to another bacterium, even when the two bacteria are different species |
| extremophile | a type of archaea or bacteria that can tolerate extreme physical and chemical conditions |
| Gram stain | a method of dying the bacterial cell wall to help identify an unknown bacterium under a microscope |
| host | the organism that a parasite lives in or on |
| microbe | any microscopic organism, including bacteria, archaea, and protists |
| Oxygen Revolution | the accumulation of oxygen released by cyanobacteria beginning 2.6 billion years ago |
| parasite | an organism that lives in or on another organism |
| pathogenic | describes any type of disease-causing organism |
| peptidoglycan | a chemical found in the cell wall of bacteria that is used in their classification |
| phagocytosis | the process where relatively large particles are surrounded by a microbe's plasma membrane and moved into the cell |
| photoautotroph | a type of microbe that uses the sun's energy to produce glucose by photosynthesis |
| plasmid | a small, circular DNA molecule in bacteria that is found in addition to the chromosome |
| probiotic therapy | a method of treating infections by deliberately introducing beneficial bacteria into a person's body |
| retrovirus | a RNA-containing virus that contains a viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase that uses a strand of viral RNA as a pattern to make new DNA |
| transduction | the process where a virus called a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and introduces new genes into the bacterium |
| transformation | the process where a bacterial cell scavenges DNA from its surrounding environment and incorporates it into its genome |
| angiosperm | a type of flowering and fruit-bearing plant that contains vascular tissue and produces seeds enclosed in an ovule within an ovary |
| anther | the part of a flower's male reproductive structure that produces pollen |
| bryophyte | a type of non-vascular plant (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) that transports water and dissolved nutrients by diffusion |
| carpel | the female reproductive structure of a flower |
| cuticle | an outer waxy layer that covers the surfaces of a plant's leaves and stems in order to prevent the loss of moisture |
| decomposer | an organism that breaks down and feeds on once-living organisms |
| double fertilization | involves two separate fusions of male nuclei (from the pollen grain) with female nuclei (in an ovule) to produce an embryo and endosperm |
| endosperm | a supply of carbohydrates inside a seed that is used during the seed's early growth |
| filament | the supporting stalk of the anther |
| fleshy fruit | the nutrient-rich ovary of a flower that contains seeds which are dispersed by animals after they are eaten |
| flower | the part of an angiosperm that contains the plant's reproductive structures |
| gametophyte | the haploid plant structure that produces gametes |
| gymnosperm | a type of vascular plant that produces seeds on the surface of the scales of a cone-like structure |
| hyphae | long strings of cells that make up the body of a fungus |
| lichen | a fungal organism consisting of chlorophyll-containing bacteria and/or algae that become "partners" in a mutually beneficial relationship |
| mycelium | a mass of interconnecting hyphae that make up the structure of a multicellular fungus |
| mycorrhizae | the fungi that are in symbiotic associations with plant roots |
| nonvascular plant | an organism that does not have vessels to transport water and food |
| ovary | an enclosed chamber that contains one or more ovules in which eggs develop |
| ovule | the specific structure inside the ovary of flowering plants that gives rise to female egg cells |
| plant | a multicellular eukaryote that produces its own food by photosynthesis and has an embryo that develops inside the protected environment of the female parent |
| pollen grain | a structure that contains the male gametophyte of seed plants |
| pollination | the transfer of male reproductive cells to the female part of the flower |
| prothallus | the free-living, heart-shaped, haploid life stage of a fern |
| root | the part of the plant below ground that obtains water, nitrogen, and salts from the soil |
| seed | an embryonic plant with its own supply of water and nutrients encased within a protective coating |
| shoot | the part of the plant above ground that consists of the stem and leaves |
| sporangia | a structure that produces spores |
| spore | a single cell containing DNA, RNA, and a few proteins that can land in a moist, sheltered spot and grow into a new (haploid) organism |
| stamen | the male reproductive structure of a flower |
| vascular plant | an organism that transports water and dissolved nutrients through a system of tubes that extends from the roots through the stem and into the leaves |
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