Chapters 31-39 Terms
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pietrzakhistory on April 12, 2010
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213 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) (p.794) | hailed as a liberator in Latin America. Worked for the establishment of a large confederation that would provide Latin America with the political, military, and economic strength to resist encroachment by foreign powers. |
| Pofirio Diaz (p.805) | dictator who ruled Mexico (1876-1911). Diaz represented the interests of large landowners, wealthy merchants, and foreign investors. Under his rule, Mexico industrialized as railroads and telegraphs connected all of Mexico and the production of minerals surged. |
| Benito Juarez (1806-1872), (p. 798) | On the wave of the liberal reform movement which rose in response to the discontent with the Mexican American war, Juarez attempted to reshape Mexican society with La Reforma in which he called for "tierra y libertad," land and liberty, which would endow Mexicans with the means to make a living and enable them to participate in political affairs. |
| Merriweather Lewis and William Clark (p.789) | commissioned by the United States government to survey and map the newly acquired territory of the Louisiana Purchase. |
| John A. Macdonald (p. 794) | the first prime minister of Canada (1815-1891); moved to incorporate all of British North American into the Dominion. Negotiated the Purchase of the Northwest Territories from the Hudson Bay company in 1869 and persuaded Manitoba, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island to join the Dominion. Oversaw the construction of the transcontinental railroad completed in 1885. Convinced Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905 and Newfoundland in 1949 to join the Dominion. |
| Louis Riel (1844-1885) (p. 810) | emerged as the leader of the Metis and indigenous peoples in western Canada. Assumed the presidency of a provisional government in 1870 and negotiated the incorporation of the province of Manitoba in the Canadian Dominion. |
| British North America Act (p. 794) | 1867 joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and recognized them as the Dominion of Canada. |
| caudillos (p.798) | regional military leaders who exploited the division and discord in the newly independent states and came to power in much of Latin America |
| Emancipation Proclamation (p. 792) | (1863) In an effort to turn the tide of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation making the abolition of slavery an explicit goal of the war. It struck at the heart of the southern states' war effort since slaves constituted a sizable portion of the region's labor force. |
| Gauchos (p.812) | Argentinean cowboys whose ethnic egalitarianism and independent way of life reflected the ideal in Latin America. By the late nineteenth century, gauchos were more myth than reality. |
| La Reforma (p. 799) | challenged the fundamental conservatism of Mexican elites who led spirited opposition to political, social, and economic reform. |
| Louisiana Purchase (p.789) | In 1803 Napoleon Bonaparte sold to the United StatesFrance's Louisiana Territory, which extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. |
| Mexican-American War (p. 790) | Texas declared independence from Mexico and applied to the United States to be accepted as a new state. The United States moved to consolidate its new territory and went to war with Mexico, which vigorously protested Texan independence and American involvement. |
| Missouri Compromise (p. 791) (1820) | part of a series of political efforts which attempted to maintain a balance between slave and free states as the American republic admitted new states carved out of western territories. |
| National Policy (p.804) | A Canadian program of economic development known as the National Policy to attract migrants and protect nascent industries through tariffs and build national transportation systems. The centerpiece of the transportation network was the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railroad built largely with British investment capital and completed in 1885. As a result of the national policy, Canada experienced booming agricultural, mineral, and industrial production in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. |
| Reconstruction (p. 807) | efforts by the United States government in the aftermath of the Civil War to extend civil rights to freed slaves and voting rights to African-American men. |
| Seneca Falls Convention (p.809) | In 1848 a growing women's movement had emerged in the United States. At Seneca Falls, feminists issued a "Declaration of Sentiments" modeled on the Declaration of Independence which argued for equal rights and privileges for women. |
| Trail of Tears (p. 789) (1837-1838) | Euro-American westward expansion, backed by the U. S. army, forced indigenous populations into marginal lands such as the swampy lowland of southern Florida or the arid regions in the West. The most infamous of these relocations was the forced removal of Cherokees from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma, called the Trail of Tears. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (p.790) | The defeat of the Mexican Army in the Mexican-American War resulted in the United States' paying Mexico fifteen million dollars for Texas north of the Rio Grande, California, and New Mexico. |
| Abd al-Hamid II (reigned 1876-1909) (pp. 822-23) | Sultan of the Ottoman state; installed by reform-minded bureaucrats to establish a representative government; soon became a despotic ruler; policies retained Tanzimat principles. |
| Alexander II (reigned 1855-81) (p. 827) | Reforming tsar, known for his emancipation of serfs and other political and legal reforms; assassinated by terrorists. |
| Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) (pp. 837-38) | Conservative ruler of the Qing dynasty; rose from imperial concubine to actual ruler and led China for about half century. |
| ***uzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) (pp. 840-41) | Prominent educator and writer of Meiji Japan; traveled to the U.S. and Europe; publications and education emphasized learning Western values. |
| Hong Xiuquan (pp. 817, 834-35) | Leader of the Taiping rebellion against the Qing dynasty during mid-19th century; founder of Taiping tianguo ("Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"). |
| Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909) (pp. 840-41) | Leading figure of Meiji reforms; drew inspiration from the German constitution when drafting a governing document for Japan. |
| Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao (p. 838) | Leading figures of the Hundred Days of Reform that aimed at changing China into an institutional monarchy; fled to Japan when the reform was ruthlessly crushed by Dowager Cixi in 1898. |
| Lin Zexu (p. 832) | court official of the Qing dynasty; commissioned in 1839 by the emperor to rid China of opium; confiscated and destroyed some 20 thousand chests of opium of foreign merchants; uncompromising policy ignited the Opium War between China and Britain. |
| Mahmud II (re. 1808-39) (p. 821) | Reform-minded sultan of Ottoman empire; massacred Janissaries by troops in order to remodel Ottoman empire along western European lines. |
| Muhammad Ali (p. 819) | General of Ottoman empire at Egypt but only nominally subordinate to Ottoman sultan; ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848; under his rule Egypt became the most powerful land in Muslim world. |
| Mutsuhito (1852-1912) (p. 840) | Emperor of Meiji Japan, known by his royal name Meiji; also leader of Meiji reforms. |
| Matthew C. Perry (pp. 838-39) | Commander of U.S. navy squadron; led his fleet into Tokyo Bay in 1953 and forced the shogun to open Japan for diplomatic and commercial relations. |
| Sergei Witte (p. 828) | Russian finance minister from 1892 to 1903; designed and implemented policies that stimulated economic development; played a crucial role in industrialization of Russia. |
| Boxer Rebellion (p. 838) | Chinese anti-foreign uprising during 1899-1900, aimed at ridding China of "foreign devils"; action encouraged by Dowager Cixi; repressed by European and Japanese troops. |
| capitulation (pp. 820-21) | Agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality. |
| cohong (p. 831) | Licensed Chinese commercial firms at the port of Guangzhou; specially assigned by Chinese government to handle all of China's foreign trade; restrictive terms and regulations became source of bitter complaints from European merchants before the Opium War. |
| Crimean War (p. 826) | Fought between Russia and coalition powers of Britain, France, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman empire during 1853 and 1856 over controlling the Ottoman empire; Russian armies suffered devastating defeat. |
| Duma (p. 831) | Parliament of Russia, created by Romanov dynasty during the 1905 revolution; did not have power to create or bring down governments. |
| Hundred Days of Reforms (p. 838) | Broad range of reforms initiated by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, with support of the reforming emperor Guangxu in 1898; aimed at transforming China into a constitutional monarchy; ruthlessly repressed by the powerful Empress Dowager Cixi. |
| Meiji Restoration (p. 840) | Political movement of Japan in which discontented samurai overthrew Tokugawa bakufu and restored the emperor's power in 1868. |
| Opium War (pp. 832-33) | Fought between China and Britain during 1839-42 over issues of opium trade; China was defeated and forced to accept unequal treaties. |
| Self-Strengthening Movement (p. 837) | Early modernization effort of Chinese government; flourished during the 1860s and 1870s; sought to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology; only brought about superficial changes to Chinese economy and society. |
| Taiping Rebellion (pp. 834-36) | Peasant rebellion of China, led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing dynasty during 1850-64; occupied the southern half of China and adopted a series of radical reform programs; defeated by regional armies of the Qing aided by European advisors and weapons. |
| Tanzimat (p. 822) | "Reorganization"; reform movement of Ottoman state during 1839 and 1867; program inspired by Enlightenment thought and constitutional foundations of western European state. |
| Young Turks (pp. 823-25) | Political party of Ottoman; formal name was Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, founded in 1889 by exiled Ottoman subjects in Paris; pro-democracy activities inspired an army coup that forced Sultan Abd al-Hamid to restore parliament and the constitution; dethroned the sultan in 1909 and ruled Ottoman through a puppet sultan till 1918. |
| zaibatsu (p. 842) | Japanese financial cliques, or huge private business corporations formed since 1880s that enjoyed enormous economic power. |
| Emilio Aguinaldo (p. 864) | Leader of the Filipino revolt against the United States |
| Aurangzeb (p. 854) | Emperor of the Mughal state in India. His death in 1707 precipitated the expansion and growth of the East India Company. |
| Rudyard Kipling (p. 851) | British author of the poem "The White Man's Burden," the theme and justification for British imperialism and racism. |
| King Leopold II (p. 858) | Belgian ruler (reigned 1865-1909) who employed Henry Morton Stanley to develop a colony called the Congo Free State. |
| Queen Lili'uokalani (p. 863) | Last monarch of the Hawaiian kingdom overthrown by U.S. businessmen and sugar plantation owners in 1893. |
| Dr. David Livingtstone (p. 858) | Scottish minister who traveled through much of central and southern Africa in search of suitable locations for mission posts. |
| James Monroe (p. 863) | U.S. president (in office 1817-1825) who issued a proclamation that warned European states against imperialistic designs in the western hemisphere. |
| Thomas Stamford Raffles (p. 857) | British founder of the southeast Asian port of Singapore |
| Cecil John Rhodes (p. 847) | British citizen who built an African empire supported by the diamond mines of South Africa. Promoted the superiority of the British "race" and worked towards global domination of the British empire. |
| Ram Mohan Roy (p. 872) | Influential Indian elite who helped forge a sense of Indian identity and nationalism. |
| Henry Morton Stanley (p. 858) | American journalist who undertook a well-publicized expedition to Africa to find Dr. Livingstone and report on his activities. |
| Queen Victoria (p. 855) | British monarch (reigned 1837-1901) who supplanted the authority of the East India company with direct rule in India. |
| Berlin Conference (p. 860) | Meeting proposed by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to devise ground rules with fourteen European states for the colonization of Africa |
| East India Company (p. 854) | Joint stock company that had a monopoly on English trade with India and China. |
| "Great Game" (p. 856) | The British name for the period of risky pursuit of influence and intelligence engaged in by British military officers and imperialist adventurers. |
| imperialism (p. 849) | The policy of expanding a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or the establishment of political and economic hegemony over other nations. |
| Maori (p. 862) | The indigenous population of New Zealand. |
| maxim gun (p. 852) | Rifled machine gun used by Europeans capable of shooting eleven bullets per second. |
| Monroe Doctrine (p. 863) | U.S. foreign policy used as justification for intervention in hemispheric affairs. |
| Panama Canal (p. 865) | U.S. engineering project that built a canal across Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. |
| Russo-Japanese War (p. 866) | Surprise victory of Japanese Navy over Russian Navy in the fight for authority over Korea and the Liaodong peninsula fought in 1905. |
| scientific racism (p. 870) | Nineteenth century theory that race was the most important factor in determining human potential. |
| "Scramble for Africa" (p. 858) | Prospects of exploiting African resources that resulted in nationalist rivalries between European empires for control of Africa |
| Sati (p. 855) | Indian custom of burning widow on the husband's funeral pyre practiced by Hindus |
| Sepoys (p. 854) | Indian troops supervised and maintained by the British Army. |
| Social Darwinist (p. 871) | Name given to proponents of theories of evolution applied to cultural and social factors. |
| Spanish-American War (p. 864) | Anti-colonial war (1898-1899) against Spain. As a result the U.S. claimed possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. |
| Archduke Francis Ferdinand (p. 881) | Austrian duke whose assassination at the hands of extreme Serbian nationalists was the catalyst for World War I. |
| Ali Hussain (p. 899) | the sherif of Mecca and the king of the Hejaz (reigned 1856-1931) united the nomadic Bedouin abetted by the British to overthrow Turkish rule. |
| T.E. Lawrence of Arabia (p. 899) | a British adventurer, soldier, and author who worked for British intelligence and served as military advisor among the Arabs. |
| Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (p. 900) | a revolutionary Marxist who organized the industrial proletariat of Russia into a highly disciplined revolutionary force and political power. |
| Nicholas II (p. 889) | the last tsar of the Russian empire (reigned 1868-1918). |
| Wilfred Owen (p. 891) | British poet whose work reflected the horror and disillusionment of World War I. |
| Gavrilo Princip (p. 889) | Serbian member of the Black Hand whose assassination of Francis Ferdinand provided the spark for World War I. |
| General Count Alfred von Schlieffen (p. 888) | Developed the military strategy that called for a swift knockout of France, followed by a defensive action against Russia. |
| Woodrow Wilson (p. 906) | American president and author of the Fourteen Points, chief proponent of national self-determination, a fair peace treaty for Germany, and the father of the League of Nations. |
| Allies (p. 882) | also known as the Triple Entente, a coalition of western European nations dominated by France, England and the United States with twenty-five other nations. |
| Black Hand (p. 889) | a terrorist organization that was dedicated to the unification of all south Slavs, or Yugoslavs, to form a greater Serbia. The assassin of Archduke Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip, was a member. |
| Bolsheviks (p. 901) | the small minority party among the revolutionary working-class parties that eventually gained control of the Petrograd Soviets. |
| Central Powers (p. 882) | also known as the Triple Alliance, a coalition that included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman empire and Bulgaria. |
| dreadnoughts (p. 884) | super battleships built by the British to discourage German military build-up. |
| home front (p. 893) | World War I term that implied that the demands of total war had grown so great that the civilian population was now an active part of the conflict. |
| League of Nations (p. 905) | the first permanent international security organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. |
| Lusitania (p. 902) | British luxury liner sunk by German submarines on May 7, 1915. This event was a catalyst for shifting U.S. public isolation policy in WWI. |
| mandate system (p. 906) | post-war Allied notion of trusteeship, which appeared to many to be merely colonialism by another name. |
| Marne (p. 891) | 1914 battle that led to the failure of the von Schlieffen plan and insured a bloody stalemate on the western front. |
| mustard gas (p. 891) | a liquid agent that when exposed to air turns into a yellow gas that rotted the lungs both from outside and in. Used by Germans in World War I. |
| Pan-Slavism (p. 883) | a nineteenth century movement that stressed the ethnic and cultural kinship of the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe seeking political unification. |
| propaganda (p. 895) | the dissemination of specific information that promoted a given doctrine or set of ideas . |
| self-determination (p. 883) | the idea that peoples with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals have the right to form sovereign states. |
| Soviets (p. 900) | political agency in Russia that represented the Petrograd workers and soldiers. |
| Triple Alliance (p. 885) | pre-World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. |
| Albert Einstein (1879-1955) (p. 914) | German physicist who formulated the Theory of General Relativity. This theory suggested that there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe. |
| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) (p. 915) | medical doctor from Vienna whose research focused on psychological rather than physiological explanation of mental disorders. Through his clinical observations, Freud identified a conflict between conscious and unconscious mental process that lay at the root of neurotic behavior. He believed that dreams held the key to the deepest recesses of the human psyche. From dreams, he proceeded to analyze literature, religion, politics and virtually every other type of human endeavor, seeking always to identify the manifestation of the repressed conscious. His doctrines shaped the psychiatric profession in the twentieth century. |
| Mohandas K. Gandhi ( 1869-1948) ( p. 933) | The great spiritual and political leader of twentieth century India. He was raised in an upper class Hindu household; he studied law in London and went to South Africa where he embraced a moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence and developed the technique of passive resistance. Transformed the Indian National Congress into an effective instrument of Indian nationalism. |
| Adolph Hitler (1889-1945) (p. 928) | dictator of the Nazi Party in Germany. Amidst Germany's defeat in World War I he became chair of the nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party. After 1929, the Nazi party attracted many supporters and using the discontent of the humiliating peace treaty at Versailles, Hitler promised a new order that would lead Germany to greatness. Stressing radical doctrines, particularly anti-Semitism and anti-communism, Hitler was finally offered the Chancellorship of Germany. |
| Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek, 1887-1975) (p. 936) | successor of Sun Yatsen to the leadership of the Guomindang. |
| John Maynard Keynes (p. 923) | the most influential economist of the twentieth century. He wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in which he argued that the fundamental cause of the Depression was not excessive supply but inadequate demand. He urged governments to play an active role and stimulate the economy by increasing the money supply, thereby lowering interest rates and encouraging investment. |
| Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) (p. 928) | dictator who seized control of the Italian government in 1922 and established a one-party dictatorship. He allied himself with business and landlord interests and the military and crushed labor unions, prohibited strikes, and silenced all political opposition |
| Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) (p. 926) | succeeded Lenin in the dictatorship of the Soviet Union. It is argued that he came to power through a series of purges to eliminate possible challenges to his power. Stalin replaced NEP with the First Five-Year Plan which stressed industrial over agricultural production. The agricultural component of the First Five-Year Plan was collectivization whereby millions of peasants moved from traditional lands to collective farms. |
| Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) (p. 934) | a revolutionary and nationalist who led the Chinese revolution in 1911 against the Qing empire. Became the first president of the Chinese Republic. |
| Mao Zedong (1893-1975) (p. 935) | Leader of the Chinese communist party, he viewed Marxist- inspired social revolution as the cure for China's problems. |
| Anti-Semitism (p. 930) | historical and contemporary prejudice against Jews |
| collectivization of agriculture (p. 926) | The agricultural policy of the Bolsheviks during the First Five-Year Plan wherein the state expropriated privately owned land to create collective or cooperative farm units whose profits were shared by all farmers. |
| fascism (p. 928) | an authoritarian political movement that sought to create a viable society by subordinating individuals to the service of the state. |
| First Five-Year Plan ( p. 926) | replaced Lenin's NEP. The First Five-Year Plan aimed to transform the Soviet Union from a predominantly agricultural country into a predominantly industrial one. It set high targets for increased productivity in all spheres, but emphasized heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods. |
| Guomindang (p. 936) | Nationalist People's Party of China |
| India Act (1937) (p. 933) | provided India with the institutions of a self-governing state. |
| Indian National Congress (p. 932) | Founded in 1885, this association was dedicated to the struggle against British rule. At first, it stressed collaboration with the British to bring self-rule to India, but after the Great War, the congress pursued this goal in opposition to the British. |
| kulaks (p. 926) | wealthy peasants who had risen to prosperity during NEP |
| May 4th Movement (p. 934) | When the Paris Peace conference did nothing to restore Chinese sovereignty and in fact approved of Japanese interference in China, students and intellectuals demonstrated and pledged themselves to rid China of imperialism and reestablish national unity. |
| Muslim League (p. 923) | established in 1906, an association dedicated to Indian independence. |
| NEP (p. 925), New Economic Policy. | To appease rioting peasants and workers, Lenin and the Bolsheviks temporarily restored the market economy and some private enterprise in Russia. During NEP, the government allowed the peasants to sell their surplus at free market prices. Other features of NEP included a vigorous policy of electrification and the establishment of technical schools to train technicians and engineers. |
| Northern Expedition (p. 936) | In 1925 Chiang launched this military and political offensive aimed at purging communists in China and bringing it under Guomindang rule. Many communists died, and Mao and the CCP were forced to regroup in the south. |
| Three Principles of the People (p. 936) | Written by Sun Yatsen, it included his basic ideology which called for elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development and a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage |
| War Communism (p. 925) | term used by the Bolsheviks wherein they seized control of banks, industry and other privately held commercial properties. This was a terribly unpopular policy, as the Bolsheviks found when they tried to seize crops from peasants to feed people in the cities. |
| Adolph Hitler (1889-1945) (p. 946) | dictator of the Nazi Party in Germany. Amidst Germany's defeat in World War I he became chair of the nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party. After 1929, the Nazi party attracted many supporters and using the discontent of the humiliating peace treaty at Versailles, Hitler promised a new order that would lead Germany to greatness. Stressing radical doctrines, particularly anti-Semitism and anti-communism, Hitler was finally offered the position of Chancellor of Germany. In 1939, he disregarded the appeasement policy signed at Munich and led Germany into war by invading Poland. |
| Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) (p. 946) | fascist dictator who seized control of the Italian government in 1922 and established a one-party dictatorship. He allied himself with business and landlord interests and the military and crushed labor unions, prohibited strikes, and silenced all political opposition. He rose to power when he vowed to overcome the economic chaos produced by the depression and promised to bring glory to Italy through the acquisition of territories it had been denied after the Great War. |
| Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) (p. 951) | succeeded Lenin in the dictatorship of the Soviet Union. It is argued that he came to power through a series of purges to eliminate possible challenges to his leadership. Stalin replaced NEP with the First Five-Year Plan which stressed industrial over agricultural production. The agricultural component of the First Five-Year Plan was collectivization whereby millions of peasants moved from traditional lands to collective farms |
| appeasement (p. 947) | At the Munich Conference in 1938, European politicians formulated a policy under which they would concede the lands already occupied by Nazi Germany if Hitler would promise to cease his expansion of territorial claims. |
| blitzkrieg (p. 949) | lightning war. |
| COMECON (p. 967) | the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance offered increased trade within the Soviet Union and eastern Europe as an alternative to the Marshall Plan. |
| "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" (p. 944) | In an effort to dominate regional resources, Japan sought to build Asian independence from Western powers, all the while concealing their territorial and economic agenda. |
| kamikaze (p. 954) | Japanese pilots who volunteered to fly planes with just enough fuel to reach an Allied ship and dive-bomb into it. In the two month battle for Okinawa, the Japanese flew 1,900 kamikaze missions, sinking dozens of ships and killing more than five thousand U.S. soldiers. |
| lebensraum (p. 951) | living space. Hitler's pursuit of lebensraum was given as justification of German expansion into the Soviet Union. |
| Lend-Lease Program (p. 953) | In 1941, the United States maintained its neutrality by "lending" military support to the British, the Soviets, and the Chinese in their struggle with Axis powers. |
| Marshall Plan (1948) (p. 967) | Named after U.S. secretary of state George C. Marshall, this policy proposed to rebuild European economies through cooperation and capitalism, forestalling communist or Soviet influence in the devastated nations of Europe. |
| Mukden Incident (p. 943) | On September 18, 1931, Japanese troops used explosives to blow up a few feet of rail on the South Manchuria Railway. They accused the Chinese of attacking their railroad and these false accusations became the pretext for war between Japanese and Chinese troops. |
| NATO (p. 968) | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was established in 1949 by the United States as a regional military alliance against Soviet aggression. |
| Rape of Nanjing (p. 945) | During their invasion of China, the Japanese unleashed an unprecedented reign of terror upon the civilians. In Nanjing, Japanese soldiers, inflamed by war passion and a sense of racial superiority, raped seven thousand women, murdered hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians and burned one-third of the homes in Nanjing. Some four hundred thousand Chinese lost their lives as Japanese soldiers used them for bayonet practice and machine gunned them into open pits. |
| Truman Doctrine (p. 967) | On March 12, 1947, in a speech given by Truman, the new ground rules for the Cold War were laid out. Redefining the U. S. perception of a world divided between free and enslaved people, Truman argued that the United States had a moral responsibility to intervene and "contain" the spread of communism. This policy of "containment" would serve as the foundation of American foreign policy for the next five decades. |
| United Nations (UN) (p. 968) | a supra-national organization dedicated to keeping world peace and security and promoting friendly relations among the world's nations. It offered an alternative for global reconstruction that was independent of the Cold War. |
| Warsaw Pact (p. 968) | When NATO admitted West Germany and allowed it to rearm in 1955, the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact as a countermeasure. It was a military alliance of seven communist European nations, and matched the collective defense policies of NATO. |
| Warsaw Uprising (p. 962) | In the spring of 1943, around sixty thousand Jews rose up and seriously threatened the German control of the Warsaw ghetto. It took German security forces using tanks and flame-throwers three weeks to crush the uprising. This event is a clear example of the ongoing underground resistance against Nazi occupation. |
| Simone de Beauvoir (p.988) | wrote the The Second Sex (1949), which denounced the post-war male oppression of women and their relegation to second class citizens. |
| Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963) (p. 998) | the first president of South Vietnam |
| Betty Friedan (p. 988) | wrote the Feminine Mystique (1963), which stressed the severe unhappiness of women who presumably enjoyed the best life the Cold War United States could provide. |
| Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) (p. 989) | black nationalist from Jamaica who advocated that black Americans should seek repatriation in Africa |
| Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) (p. 973, 976) | Stalin's successor in the Soviet Union. Khrushchev developed a version of communism which omitted the terror and intimidation that had characterized the Stalin period. He called for a more economically productive type of communism that aimed for balanced growth with the controlled production of material goods. |
| Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) (p. 989) | civil rights leader who advocated a Gandhi-influenced passive resistance and boycotts in the struggle to win African-Americans their own equality and independence in the United States |
| Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) (p. 998) | leader of North Vietnam |
| Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) (p. 996) | prime minister of Egypt who committed to oppose an independent Israel and using the pan-Arab League, took command of the Arab world. Egypt flourished economically and politically under his rule. He adopted an internationalist position and exploited the opportunities of a bipolar world to the advancement of Egypt. |
| Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) (p. 989) | led Ghana to independence. |
| Kim Il Sung (1912-1995) (p. 980) | the revolutionary communist leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) |
| Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) (p. 980) | the conservative anti-Communist president of the Republic of Korea (South Korea). |
| Fidel Castro Ruz (1926-) (p. 982) | revolutionary communist who led the movement to overthrow Batista in Cuba. After seizing power he aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union. |
| Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar (1901-1973) (p. 982) | autocratic ruler of Cuba who had gone to great lengths to maintain the country's traditionally subservient relationship with the United States and especially with American sugar companies that controlled Cuba's economy. Overthrown by Castro's movement. |
| Balfour Declaration (1917) (p. 994) | document whereby the British government officially committed itself to the support of a homeland for Jews in Palestine. |
| Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) (p. 989) | a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in the schools was illegal. |
| communalism (p. 992) | emphasizing religious over national identity, e.g., India. |
| containment strategy (p. 976) | an American policy aimed at denying the Soviet Union expansion of its influence throughout the world. |
| counterinsurgency (p. 985) | a term used by the U. S. to denote international efforts designed to counter Soviet-supported guerrilla warfare. |
| decolonization (p.974) | the relinquishing of colonial possessions. |
| Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) (p. 999) | Algerians who fought a guerrilla war against France. |
| Hukbalahap (p. 984) | communist-influenced group in the Philippines that had gained fame from fighting both the Japanese and the Filipino landlords. Hukbalahap suffered severe repression in the post-independence period. |
| NATO (p. 980) | North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Post-WWII geographical bloc intended to serve as a military counterweight to the Soviet forces in Europe. |
| partition (p. 993) | the division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim states. |
| Pax Americana (p. 984) | "American Peace." |
| Viet Minh (p. 997) | North Vietnamese communists |
| Warsaw Treaty Organization (p.980) | Post-WWII bloc intended to serve as a military defense against the expansion of American influence especially with the rearming of West Germany. |
| Leonid Brezhnev (p. 1014) | Soviet leader who cracked down on internal and external reforms after the aborted liberalization of the Khruschev years. |
| Josip Broz (p. 1013) | Marshall Tito, leader of Yugoslavia, expelled from the Soviet bloc for following an independent foreign policy. |
| Charles de Gaulle (p. 1011) | French President who steered an independent foreign policy separate from Soviet or American control. |
| Indira Gandhi (p. 1029) | Indian leader who led the "green revolution" and took dramatic steps to limit population growth. |
| Deng Ziaoping (p. 1028) | Chinese leader who implemented free market reforms, but also oversaw the suppression of the Tiananmen Square pro-democracy uprising. |
| Alexander Dubcek (p. 1014) | Czechoslovakian leader who was deposed by the Soviets after launching "socialism with a human face" during the "Prague Spring." |
| Saddam Hussein (p. 1025) | Iraqi military dictator who led Iraq through the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. |
| Laurent Kabila (p. 1023) | leader who overthrew Mobuto Sese Seko in Zaire. |
| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (p. 1025) | leader of the Iranian Revolution that overthrew the U.S.-backed Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and established a strict Shi'ite Islamic state. |
| Nikita Khruschev (p. 1013) | Soviet leader who began an active period of de-Stalinization, but who also confronted the U.S. in the Cuban missile crisis. |
| Sinqobili Maghena (p. 1009) | first female chief of the Ndebele tribe in Zimbabwe. |
| Nelson Mandela (p. 1022) | leader of the African National Congress, first black president of South Africa. |
| Mao Zedong (p. 1027) | Chinese leader who led the Chinese Revolution and was the driving force behind the Great Leap Forward and Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. |
| Anwar Sadat (p. 1024) | Egyptian leader who both masterminded the Yom Kippur surprise attack on Israel as well as negotiated later peace treaties with the Israelis. |
| Mobutu Sese Seko (p. 1023) | U.S.-supported dictator who, along with his "vampire elite," plundered Zaire (later renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo). |
| Imre Nagy (p. 1013) | Hungarian leader who was deposed and executed after announcing Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. |
| Juan Perón (p. 1020) | Argentine nationalistic militarist leader who promoted a nationalistic populism calling for industrialization, support of the working class, and economic protection from foreign control. |
| Apartheid (p. 1022) | "separateness," South African system implemented by the Afrikaner National Party to control the native black population. |
| Brezhnev doctrine (p. 1014) | Soviet Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty which reserved the right to invade socialist countries threatened by internal or external elements. |
| Descamisados (p. 1020) | "shirtless ones," Argentine poor who formed the core support for Juan and Eva Perón. |
| Détente (p. 1015) | reduction in tensions between the Soviet Union and United States during the 1960's. |
| European Community (p. 1012) | EC, founded in 1957, originally a union of France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg, designed to promote economic growth and integration. |
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (p. 1033) | GATT, originally a union of non-communist nations whose goal was to remove or loosen barriers to free trade. |
| NATO (p. 1011) | North Atlantic Treaty Organization, American-dominated alliance system that stood in opposition to the Warsaw Pact. |
| Organization of African Unity (p. 1021) | OAU, organization formed in 1963 of thirty-two African states to deal with common problems and avoid conflicts. |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (p. 1033) | OPEC, an economic and sometimes political grouping of oil-producing nations designed originally to raise oil prices through cooperation. |
| Palestinian Liberation Organization (p. 1024) | PLO, organization led by Yasser Arafat designed to promote Palestinian rights. |
| Paris Peace Accords (p. 1016) | agreement that brought the United States out of the Vietnam War. |
| SALT (p. 1015) | Strategic Arms Limitations Talks, agreement between the Soviet Union and United States designed to reduce the threat posed by strategic nuclear weapons. |
| Taliban (p. 1017) | religious organization that in 1996 proclaimed Afghanistan a strict Islamic state. |
| Benazir Bhutto (1953) (p. 1056) | Female politician of Pakistan; effective leader. |
| Jean Henry Dunant (1828-1910) (p. 1064) | Founder of the Red Cross; Swiss philanthropist. |
| Indira Gandhi (1917-84) (p. 1056) | Female politician of India; effective leader. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev (1931) (pp. 1043-46) | Soviet leader, launched economic reforms in the late 1980s that unleashed anti-Communism forces from within and without, eventually led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and disappearance of the Soviet empire in Europe. |
| Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga (1945) (p. 1056) | First female president of Sri Lanka; appointed her mother to serve a third term as prime minister. |
| Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (1945) (p. 1056) | Leader of pro-democracy movement in Myanmar (formerly Burma); called for non-violent revolution against Myanmar government; awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 when under house arrest. |
| Eva Peron (p. 1050) | Argentine political and cultural icon; became part of pan-American culture. |
| Lech Walesa (1943) (p. 1044) | Leader of Solidarity movement in Poland; became president of Poland through election in 1990, which ended communist rule in Poland. |
| Boris N. Yeltsin (1931) (p. 1046) | President of Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic; rose to power during Gorbachev's reform; dismantled Soviet communist party, and pushed Russia toward market-oriented economic reforms. |
| Club of Rome (p. 1057) | Environmentalist organization formed by a group of international economists and scientists; became known for their 1972 report "The Limits to Growth." |
| global warming (p. 1059) | Refers to a rise in global temperature caused by emission of greenhouse gases that prevent solar heat from escaping from the earth's atmosphere. |
| Greenpeace (p. 1065) | Non-governmental international organization founded in 1970; dedicated to preservation of the earth's natural resources and its diverse animal and plant life. |
| Rainbow Warrior (p. 1065) | Flag ship of Greenpeace organization launched in 1989; named for a Native American prophecy that predicted a rainbow warrior would save the earth from disaster. |
| Red Cross (p. 1064) | Non-governmental international organization; originally dedicated to alleviating sufferings of wounded soldiers, war prisoners, and civilians in time of war; extended mission to peacetime, rendering medical aid and other help for victims of natural disasters. |
| Solidarity (p. 1044) | Political party of Poland; won election in 1990 and ended Communist rule. |
| velvet revolution (p. 1044) | Refers to non-violent transfer of power in Czechoslovakia formerly ruled by communist iron fist; communist leadership simply stood by and watched events take their course. |
| "Warning to Humanity" (p. 1059) | Environmental document of 1992 signed by 1500 scientists, including 99 Nobel laureates and representatives from a dozen of the world's most prestigious academies. |
| World Health Organization (p. 1065) | Branch of the United Nations; has a record of numerous successes in promoting health of the peoples all over the world |
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