Botany 3
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214 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is Taxonomy? | study aimes at producing a classification of organisms which best reflects the totality of their similarities and differences |
| what are the 5 kingdoms of classifications? | Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi, and Monera |
| Why do we classify? | to facilitate study and communication |
| what is a monophyletic group? | group that can be traced back to a single common ancestor |
| what is a triforkation in a phylogenetic tree called? | polytomy |
| what are the different types of polytomy? | hard and soft |
| What does Paraphyletic mean in a phylogenetic tree? | groups from different ancestors |
| What is an example of hard polytomy? | a 3 or more speciation occuring at once from the same common ancestor |
| What is nomenclature? | the assigning of names to groups in the process of classification |
| What are the types of names given to plants? | scientific names, common names, and traditional names |
| what are scientific names? | ICBN name that actually gives you the level used in the suffix |
| -ae, -phyta | kingdom |
| -ophyta | division |
| -opsida | class |
| -ales | order |
| -aceae | family |
| which two levels do not have a suffix that give u the level? | genus and species |
| what is an example of a common name? | pansies, stinkweed |
| what are traditional names? | names that came before the rules for naming did |
| how many different types of life cycles are there for plants? | 3 |
| which life cycles are only in algae? | diploid and haploid life cycles |
| which organism is diploid in the diploid life cycle? | the multicellular organism |
| is the multicellular ogranism in the haploid life cycle haploid or diploid? | haploid and diploid there are two |
| does meiosis or mitosis form the zygote in the haploid life cycle? | meiosis |
| Which life cycle do all land plants and some algae have? | alternation of generations |
| where do the multicellular plant bodies occur in the alternation life cycle? | in both the diploid and haploid phases |
| Cells in the diploid body of the alternation of generations undergoes _________ to produce ______ spores. | meiosis, haploid |
| What does each spore give rise to in the alternation of generations life cycle? | to a different haploid plant body (gametophyte) |
| what does the gametophyte of the alternation of generations life cycle fertilize into? | a zygote |
| what will the fertilized zygote of the alternation of generations life cycle produce? | a haploid sporophyte plant body |
| What are the two types of alternations of generations? | isomorphic and heteromorphic |
| which type of alternations of generations occurs in ALL land plants? | heteromorphic |
| almost all forms of land plants that you encounter are the __________ body. | sporophyte |
| what are the exceptions of the dominant sporophyte body in land plants? | mosses and their relatives |
| What makes sperm in land plants life cycle? | antheridia through mitosis |
| What makes eggs in land plants life cycle through mitosis? | archegonia |
| What are the two conditions in land plants with respect to their spore production? | homospory and heterospory |
| What makes something homosporic? | spores omsode the sporangia are all the same size |
| Gametophyte development in homospory is _______ | exosporic |
| Gametophytes are bisexual in ____________ spore production condition. | homospory |
| What are the characteristics of homospory? | alike size of spores in the sporangia, gametophyte development is exosporic, and gametophytes are bisexual |
| What makes something heterosporic? | 2 class sizes of spores micro and mega |
| gametophyte development is _________ in heterospory | endosporic |
| gametophytes are __________ heterospory | unisexual |
| What do microspores give rise to in heterospory? | male gametophytes |
| What do megaspores give rise to in heterospory? | female gametophytes |
| Which is more advanced hetero or homospory? | heterospory |
| What are the 3 types of egg and sperm conditions with respect to gamete production? | Isogamy, Anisogamy, and Oogamy |
| What are the characteristics of Isogamy? | sperm and egg of about same size, relatively small, both flagellated, in many algae, most primitive |
| What are the characteristics of Anisogamy? | relative increase in size of the egg, both flagellated, in many algae |
| What are the characteristics of Oogamy? | loss of flagellation on the egg, decrease in size of sperm, in few algae and all land plants |
| When did the origin of land plants occur? | about 450 mya |
| What said that the origin of land plants began about 450 mya? | Berklen and Marshall hypothesis |
| What does the Berklen-Marshall hypothesis say? | the concentration of O2 in the atmosphere was critical in determining when this move from ocean to land occurred |
| Land plants evolved from a group of green algae known as ________ | charophytes |
| what is the cuticle? | barrier between inside world and extra violet |
| What plant lacks stomates? | liverworts |
| What does the archagonium in alternation of generations produce? | eggs |
| What does it mean if something is free sporing? | the spores are released |
| What does it mean if a plant is non free sporing? | spores are retained on the sporophyte plant body |
| All ___________ taxa are free sporing | homosporous |
| what is a microspore called once released? | pollen grain |
| what is a megaspore called once released? | an ovule |
| What are the proposed steps in origin of an ovule? | reduction, retention, complete endospory |
| what occurs in reduction step of forming an ovule? | there is a reduction in the number of megaspores, to one per megasporangium |
| What occurs in the retention step of ovule production? | retention of the single megaspore on the sporophyte plant body |
| What occurs in the complete endospory step of the formation of an ovule? | the female gametophyte does all of its development completely inside of the megaspore wall |
| What does the egg become once fertilized? | a zygote |
| what is the micropyle? | where the sperm enters into the ovule |
| What is molecular phylogenetics? | study of phylogenetic relationships using molecular data |
| What is traditional classification based primarily on? | on morphological and anatomical features |
| Heterosporous plants are non free _________ | sporing |
| what is pollination? | its fertilization without the need of water |
| What occurs for pollination? | male gametophyte develops inside the pollen grain (endosporic development) and the pollen grain transports the male gametophyte to the female gametophye by various means |
| what must the pollen grain do in order for germination to occur? | it MUST physically touch the nucellus in order for germination to occur |
| explain gymnosperm pollination | the pollen grains stick in the resin on the inside of the micropyle, the archegonium produces a pollenation drop to wash the pollen off the resin and as the PD evaporates the pollen grains are carried up to the nucellus. A pollen tube then penetrates the nucellus and 2 sperm are depositted through to the egg. |
| What happens to the 2 sperm in gymnosperm pollination? | only one of the sperm will be used, once one reaches the egg, the other will degenerate and the egg is now a zygote |
| what is the archegonium called once the embryo develops? | a seed |
| Where are the ovules of a flower found? | in the ovary of a pistol |
| indirect pollination is in ________________ only | angiosperms |
| What occurs with the 2 sperm in an angiosperm? | one wil fuse with the binucleate cell and the other will fuse with the egg to form a haploid zygote |
| what is the nutritive source that fuels the developments of the embryo in gymnosperms? | albumin |
| What is the nutritive source that fuels the development of the embryo in angiosperms? | the endosperm |
| what is the four celled stage of pollen? | Have 2 tube cells and degernerative prothalial cells, each tube cell develops into a degenerative sterile cell and a spermatogenous cell which then forms the 2 sperm |
| Where are the female gametophytes found in gymnosperms? | in the ovules |
| What forms the seed coat in gymnosperms after fertilization? | the integument and nucellus |
| what is polyembryony? | the potential to have multiple embryos |
| what are the two ways that a pine can be polyembryonic? | from multiple archegonia each with a single egg and developmentally |
| What induced germination in angiosperms? | pollen grain contact with the stigma |
| Alternation of generations may be _________ or __________ | isomorphic or heteromorphic |
| Plants were the first ___________ colonizers of the earth | eukaryotic |
| What are recombination enzymes? | proteins that bind to and cut DNA usually at specific sequences called recognition sequences which are usually palindromes |
| Where are callus plugs obtained from? | the SAM |
| What are the ways that cells of callus tissues or whole plants are transformed? | by the plants pathogenic bacterium called agrobacterium tumifaciens, electroporation, and biolistics |
| What happens after the transformation of callus tissues? | plant hormones (auxin and cytokinin) can be used to induce growth and differentiation |
| glyphosphate herbicides are _________ to animals and extremely effective in killing plants of all types, including crop plants. | nontoxic |
| How do glyphosphate herbicides work? | by inhibiting an enzyme that is essential in the production of aromatic amino acids in plants |
| what are the most critical adaptations of the colonization of land by plants? | cuticle, stomates, lignin and other complex carbohydrates, polyphenolics, retention of gametes and the developing embryo, production of spores with sporollenin, and the origin of specialized reproductive structures |
| Which land plants have a dominant gametophyte life cycle stage? | bryophytes |
| all of the ________ plants are heterosporous | seed |
| The microgametophyte is usually _____ cells in gymnosperms and ______ in angiosperms | 4, 3 |
| In gymnosperms, the female gametophyte is made of several thousand cells and consists of a ________, ___________, ______, and _________ __________ | nucellus, archegonium, egg, and albuminous tissue |
| in the gymnosperms the male immautre gametophyte is made of four cells the ____, _______, and 2 ________; and is housed inside the pollen grain | generative cell, tube cell, and 2 prothalial cells |
| What does the generative cell divide into for mature male gametophyte development in gymnosperms? | into a spermatogenous cell and a sterile cell |
| What does the megagametophyte of an angiosperm consist of? | 8 cells |
| What does the microgametophyte of the angiosperms consist of? | 3 cells |
| What phyla are in the bryophytes? | hepatophyta, anthocerophyta, and bryophyta |
| What phyla are in the ferns and allies group? | lycophyta, pterophyta |
| What phyla were in the group gymnosperms? | cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, coniferophyta, gnetophyta |
| What phyla were in the group angiosperms? | magnoliophyta |
| How many groups (phyla) of Bryophytes are there? | 3 the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses |
| ___________ are the only nonvascular land plants | bryophytes |
| Bryophytes are the only land plants with a dominant ________ | gametophyte |
| The sporophyte in bryophytes is nutritionally dependent upon the ______ | gametophyte |
| Bryphytes lack true _____ and _____ _____ causes them to be low growing and relatively small. | lignin and vascular tissues |
| The gametophyte body of a bryophyte may be ______ or _________ | thalloid (flat and branched) or leafy |
| _________ bryophyte leaf structure is usually very thin for maximized surface are to volume ratio which facilitates the uptake of ______ and ___________ and elimination of wastes | thallus, water, and CO2 |
| The gametophyte plant body of bryophytes has limited differentiation which means no what? | no true roots, stems, or leaves but may have pores on the gametophytes, rhizoids, and some have leptiod and hydroids |
| Bryophyte gametophyte has specialized gamete-producing reproductive structures called what? | Antheridia and archegonia |
| The dispersal of sperm of a bryophytes antheridia require what? | a physical disturbance |
| What are the 3 essential parts of an archegonia? | the neck, venter, and egg |
| Fertilization in a bryophyte produces a zygote which is the first cell of the what? | sporophyte |
| Enclosure of the egg (zygote) in a bryophyte after fertilization leads to ______ development. | matrotrophic |
| What occurs in matrotrophic development? | a placenta of transfer cells exists along the interface of the gametophyte and the sporophyte, and the nutrients move apoplastically and transfer cells have numerous in growths of the cell wall through which transfer occurs |
| The bryophyte sporophyte is unbranched and relatively simple, but is differentiated into what? | the foot, seta, and the capsule (sporangium) |
| As the embryo of a bryophyte grows and elongate structure grows into the ______ where it is embedded and will become the foot. | gametophytic tissue |
| What is the function of the development of a foot in a bryophyte embryo? | to anchor the sporophyte, and garner nutrients and water for the development of the sporophyte through the placenta |
| As the sporophyte of a bryophyte grows the ventor will swell and become the ____ | calyptra which contains a single sporangium which is willed with sporocytes that undergo meiosis and give rise to spores, and the spores will be encased in a wall that has sporopollenin |
| What life cycle occurs in the sexual reproduction of bryophytes? | alternation of generations |
| What is required for sexual reproduction of bryophytes? | external water |
| How do bryophytes reproduce asexually? | by fragmentation or by the production of gemmae |
| What are gemmae cups in asexual reproduction of bryophytes? | multicellular cup-like structures found on the gametophyte body, the gemmae are housed in these cups; dispersal and subsequent mitotic cell divisions can produce a new gametophyte body |
| The lack of complex vascular tissues and the requirement for external water for fertilization makes ____ ______ critical. | water conservation |
| What are some of the bryophyte adaptations for conserving water? | tight clustering of plants with lateral production of leaves, bryophytes have a low growth habit, production of paraphyses interspersed with reproductive structures, some specialized dead cells for water absorption and retention |
| sphagnum (peat mosses) dead cells can hold up to ____ times their dry weight. | 20 |
| What are the growth habits of Hepatophyta (liverworts)? | leafy, some are thalloid (simple and complex) |
| Liverworts gametophytes have no ______, and no specialized _____ cells are present | stomata, conductive |
| The gametophyte cells of most species of Anthocerophyta (hornworts) have a single _____ with a _____. | chloroplast with a pyrenoid |
| Anthocerophyta gametophyte body is similar to that of that thalloid liverworts, but the sporophyte is an elongate _____ structure that consists of a _____ and _____. | upright, foot and sporangium |
| What is unique about the gametophyte body of hornworts (anthocerophyta)? | the presence of a meristematic region between the foot and sporangium which ultimately results in the characteristic elongated sporophyte |
| Hornwort sporophytes have _______, but no specialized _________ cells are present. | stomata, conductive |
| What is in the phylum bryophyta? | true mosses |
| Characteristics of true mosses (phylum bryophyta)? | gametophytes have stomata and some have vascular tissue, capsules possess an operculum with an annulus |
| What are the 3 classes of the phylum bryophyta? | Sphagnidae (peat mosses), Andreaeidae (granite mosses), and Byridae (true mosses) |
| What mosses are in the class Andreaeidae? | the granite mosses |
| Granite moss ________ have a distinct structure consisting of 2 rows of cells | rhizoids |
| The __________ mosses all have multicellular rhizoids and "leaves" are just one cell layer thick. | bryidae |
| What are the specialized conduction cells of Bryidae "true mosses"? | hadrom and hydroids (like xylem) have thin cell walls permeable to water, and leptome cells (like phloem)function in carbohydrate conduction |
| True mosses are the only class that produces a _____ exposed after the operculum falls away | peristome |
| What are the specialized reproductions structures on the gametophyte of Bryophyta? | Archegonia and Antheridia |
| What is the function of the calyptra in bryophytes? | encapsulates the spore until fertilized |
| What plants does the phylum lycophyta contain? | club mosses, spike mosses, and quill worts |
| What are in the phylum Psilophyta? | whisk ferns |
| What does the phylum Sphenophida contain? | the horsetails |
| What are features of the earliest vascular plants? | small stature with dichotomously branched stems and terminal sporangia |
| What is the oldest known vascular plant? | Cooksonia |
| the phylum lycophyta consists of ___ families. | 3 |
| What do all lycophyta have? | microphylls and protosteles and true roots, stems, and leaves |
| What are the 3 families of lycophyta? | Lycopodiaceae (club mosses), Selaginelliaceae, and Isoetaceae |
| All _______ are homosporous and many are epiphytic. | Lycopodiaceae |
| There is only one genus in Selaginelliaceae and are all _______. | heterosporous |
| What are the only lycophytes to produce secondary tissues? | Isoetaceae |
| What is corm? | a modified stem that is usually under ground and much wider than long in Isoetaceae |
| All Psilophyta are __________ and have no ______ or _______ | homosporous, no leaves or roots |
| Most ferns have compound leaves called __________. | fronds |
| Nearly all ferns are _________ | homosporous |
| There are 2 types of ________ found in ferns | sporangia |
| What are the two sporangia found in ferns? | Eusporangia and Leptosporangia |
| ________ in ferns have a wall several cell layers thick and contain many spores in their relatively large size. | eusporangia |
| Characteristics of the ferns leptosporangia? | division produces and one cell wall thick sporangium, smaller and produce fewer spores than eusporangia, have an annulus, and are on unerside of the leaf |
| What are the clusters of sporangia on the bottom of fern leaves called? | cluster= sorus |
| What is the largest phyla of vascular land plants outside of the angiosperms? | Pterophyta |
| What did the gymnopserms evolve from? | the progymnosperms |
| Ginkgophyta are ___________ and _______ | deciduous and diecious |
| ____________ produce flowers for the attraction of animal pollination. | Angiosperms |
| Charactersitics of angiosperm? | ovules completely enclosed in ovary, largest and most diverse group, and important economically |
| __________ fertilization can occur in angiosperms | double |
| Which groups of angiosperm make up the most primitive angiosperms the palioherbs? | Amborellaceae, Nymphaceae, and Autobaileyales |
| What are the 5 phyla of seed producing vascular plants? | Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, and the Gnetophyta, and the anthophyta |
| What features support relationships between the Gnetophytes and the Angiosperms? | molecular phylogenetics, vessels present, double fertilization, and flower like reproductive structures |
| What does gymnosperms mean? | naked seed |
| Characteristics of gymnosperms? | no monophyletic, no very diverse in # of species, all are woody, fertilization by pollination, most large organisms on earth, evolved from progymnosperms |
| What is the phylum Progymnospermophyta? | extinct group of plants that are in some ways intermediate between the seedless vascular plants and the gymnosperms |
| how did the progymnosperms reproduce? | by spores only |
| What were the two principal types of progymnosperms? | Aneurophyton and Archeopteris |
| Characteristics of Coniferophyta? | either monoecious or dioecious, needle/scale like leaves, gametangia in clustered cones or derivatives of cones |
| Look up components of the pine life cycle | look up components of the pine life cycle |
| Polyembryony is possible in conifers due to ________ or ________? | multiple archegonia or for developmental reasons |
| Characteristics of Cycadophyta? | all are dioecious, large and palm like, gametangia are borne on reduced leaves clustered at apex of plant, pollinated by insects or wind |
| what are the 4 floral series of angiosperms? | Calyx, corolla, androecium(stamen), Gynoecium (pistols) |
| What makes up the stamen of an angiosperm? | the filament and anther |
| What makes up the pistil of a flower? | The stigma, style, and ovary with ovules inside |
| What makes up the corolla? | the petals of a flower |
| What makes up the Calyx? | the sepals of a flower |
| What is the function of a calyx/sepals? | protects the petals before blooming |
| What are the 4 criteria for classification of flowers? | 1 floral series absence/presence, 2 reproductive structure presence/absence, 3 floral symmetry, 4 ovary position |
| What does it mean if a flower is complete? | has all or none of the floral series |
| What does it mean if a flower is incomplete? | means that 1 of the 4 floral series are missing |
| What does it mean if a flower is perfect? | means that it has both male and female reproductive structures |
| What does it mean if a flower is imperfect? | male or female reproductive structures are missing (does not have both) |
| All imperfect flowers are _________ as well | incomplete |
| How do you tell if a flowering plant is monoecious or dioecious? | mono means both sexes have one house and di means have two separate houses... this refers to the whole plant |
| What is regular symmetry of a flower? | means that the flower can be divided into 5 planes |
| What is irregular symmetry of a flower? | entails irregular growth of the lobes which leads to only 1 plane of symmetry |
| What type of ovary position do hypogynous flowers have? | superior placement, the stamen attach below the ovary |
| What type of ovary position do epigynous flowers have? | inferior placement, the stamen attach above the ovary |
| What is pollination? | transfer of pollen from anther to stigma |
| How is pollination an advancement? | no longer needs external water for sperm transfer |
| What are the two types of temporal separation? | protandry (male first) and protogeny (female first) |
| What are bracts? | modified leaves that assume some role of attraction in some species |
| What factors promote outcrossing in flowering plants? | separation of the androecium and the gynoecium |
| What are the two kinds of androecium and gynoecium separation in flowering plants? | Spatial and Temporal |
| How is sporophytic incompatability determined? | by the genotypes of the diploid parents |
| What are the features of wind pollinated plants? | increased production of pollen, reduction/elimination of petals, sepals, and other attractants, elongation of filaments and styles, reduction to single ovule/seed |
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