Vitamins
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Thiamine | Vitamin B1-Thiamine Pyrophospate (TPP) |
| Thiamine Function | coenzyme in energy metabolism |
| Thiamine Deficiency | Beri Beri- Wet/Dry. Wet=edema, enlarged heart, cardiac failure. Dry=muscle wasting, high stepping gate |
| Thiamine Deficiency in Alcoholics | Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: disorientation, loss of short term memory, jerky eye movements, high stepping gait |
| Riboflavin | Vitamin B2-FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide); FMN (flavin mononucleotide) |
| Riboflavin function | energy metabolism (destroyed by UV light, glass milk bottles) |
| Riboflavin deficiency | Ariboflavinosis (usually with other deficiencies) S/S=glossitis, photophobia, cheilosis |
| Niacin | Vitamin B3-nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, NAD for catabolic reactions, NADP for anabolic reactions. Tryptophan is the precurser |
| Niacin function | coenzyme in energy metabolism |
| Niacin deficiency | Pellagra= 4 D's=Diarrhea, Dementia (headaches and depression), Dermatitis (sun exposed rash and glossitis) Death |
| Niacin toxicity symptoms | "Niacin flush" |
| Niacin other info | megadoses of nicotinic acid can lower cholesterol but damage liver AND in early 1900's pellagra caused misery/death for 87,000 people in Southern US (corn diet) |
| Biotin function | Biotin is only called biotin. Function-energy metabolism |
| Biotin Deficiency | Depression; lethargy; hallucinations; numb/tingling sensation in arms/legs; red scaly rash around eyes, nose, and mouth; hair loss |
| Biotin other info | Protin avidin in raw egg whites binds to biotin and makes it unavailable for absorption |
| Pantothenic Acid function | Vitamin 5-part of coenzyme A...used in energy metabolism |
| Pantothenic Acid deficiency | Pantothenic acid deficiency rare ... usually seen with other deficiencies. Deficiency symptoms include: Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, hypoglycemia ... increased sensitivity to insulin |
| Vitamin B6 | Other Names=Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine; Conversion to PMP/PLP requires FMN Coenzymes=Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP); pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP) |
| Vitamin B6 functions | PLP/PMP used in AA and FA metabolism; conversion of trypophan to niacin/tryptophan to serotonin; RBC synthesis; heme systhesis; RNA/DNA synthesis |
| Vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms | Stomatitis (sores on the mouth lining), cheilosis, glossitis, scaly dermatitis; microcytic anemia, irritability, depression |
| Vitamin B6 toxicity | Nerve damage-->numbness; muscle weakness-->paralysis |
| Vitamin B6 other info | does not cure PMS |
| Folate/Folic Acid Function | prevent neural tube defects (important in DNA and new cell synthesis); Folate activates Vit B12 - Vit B12 activates folate |
| Folate RDA | normal RDA= 400micrograms and pregnant RDA=600micrograms |
| Enriched Grains | Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, iron |
| Folate/Folic Acid | Folacin, pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) Tetrahydrofolate (THF) and dihydrofolate (DHF) |
| Folate/Folic Acid sources | Fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver |
| Folate deficiency symptoms | Macrocytic anemia, glossitis, mental confusion, weakness, irritability, headache; aspirin & antacids decrease folate's effectiveness |
| Folate toxicity | masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms |
| Vitamin B12 | Cobalamin Methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin. HINT: Has COBALT in it! |
| Vitamin B12 function | Coenzyme forms used in new cell synthesis, nerve cell maintenance, FA and AA catabolism; Folate activates Vit B12 - Vit B12 activates folate |
| Vitamin B12 sources | animal and fortified plant sources |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency | Pernicious Anemia=Symptoms include macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia, fatigue, peripheral nerve degeneration progressing to paralysis and death |
| Vitamin B12 other info | Vit B12 is only B-vitamin stored extensively (in liver) New vegans take 3-5 years to show B12 deficiency symptoms Deficiency treatment involves diet (if possible), nasal sprays, injections; Microwave cooking easily destroys Vit B12 |
| Atrophic Gastritis | in people >50 years old.chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by diminished size and function of mucous membranes & glands (has decreased HCl and Intrinsic Factor) |
| Pernicious Anemia | In pernicious anemia, no intrinsic factor is produced Pernicious anemia is characterized by abnormally large (macrocytic) and immature RBCs Untreated pernicious anemia results in irreversible neurological damage and death |
| Choline | Nitrogen containing compound made from methionine. |
| Choline sources | found in foods as part of lecithin molecule |
| Choline Function | Used to make neurotransmitter acetylcholine & lecithin. Rare deficiencies |
| Inositol | nonessential nutrient made in the body from glucose ... used in cell membranes |
| Carnitine | nonessential nutrient made from lysine |
| Vitamin Imposters | PABA-is a sunscreen, Bioflaonoids, Pyroloquinoline, quinone, Orotic acid, Lipoic acid, Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10)-used in creams, "Vitamin O", Vitamin B15, Vitamin B17 (Laetrile) |
| Vitamin C | Ascorbic Acid |
| Vitamin C functions | Collagen synthesis, antioxidant, thyroxin synthesis, AA metabolism, increase infection resistance, increase iron (Fe) absorption |
| Vitamin C sources | Citrus fruits, cabbages, dark green vegies (bell pepper, broccoli), cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes |
| Vitamin C deficiency | Scurvy: Microcytic anemia, atherosclerotic plaques, petechia (pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin), bone fragility/pain, decreased wound healing, infections, bleeding gums, loose teeth, muscle degeneration/pain, rough skin, depression, hysteria |
| Vitamin C toxicity | Nausea/cramping/diarrhea, headache, fatigue, insomnia, hot flashes, rashes, kidney stones/urinary tract problems |
| Vitamin C Collagen formation | Vit C: Cofactor in collagen synthesis. (collagen: major protein in scars, tendons, ligaments, and bone/tooth foundation material); Collagen contains increased hydroxyproline (proline --> hydroxyproline ... requires Vit C and iron) Without Vit C & Fe "hydroxylation" reaction ceases and no collagen is made |
| Vitamin A sources | animal fat and as the precursor (Beta-Carotene) in green leafy vegetables and orange colored foods |
| Vitamin A absorption | Retinol (fat soluble) incorporated into micelles in intestinal cells Chylomicrons -->lymphatic system-->vascular system |
| Vitamin A Storage | 70-80% in liver. Remainder: adipocytes, kidneys, ovaries, intestines, heart |
| Vitamin A Transport | retinol transported in the blood by retinol binding protein |
| Vitamin A deficiency | progressive blindness (#1 cause in world) and kerotinization of skin |
| Xerophthalmia | blindness from vitamin A deficiency |
| Xerosis | Stage of xerophthalmia: drying of mucous membranes, cornea becomes hard and dry |
| Keratomalacia | Stage of zerophthalmia: softening of cornea that causes total blindness |
| Vitamin A function | vision, maintenance of epithelial tissue and mucous membranes, bone remolding, reproduction, immunity. Beta Carotene Function: Antioxidant |
| Keratinization | Accumulation of Keratin in Tissues Due to decreased Mucous Membrane Integrity from Vit A Deficiency. Effects on GI Tract=Goblet cells in GI tract diminish in number & activity, results in limited absorption of nutrients. Effects on Skin: decreased skin integrity with increased risk of infection, skin begins to secrete keratin - hard, inflexible protein (of hair & nails) |
| Vitamin A Toxicity | Hypercarotenemia (increased beta-carotene): orange skin Hypervitaminosis A (acute symptoms): blurred vision, vomiting, vertigo, increased pressure inside skull (mimicking brain tumor), headache, death. Hypervitaminosis A is caused from supplements, not food ! (deadly). Excessive Vit A for many years increases risk of osteoporosis Excessive Vit A is a teratogen (Accutane); topical Vit A (Retin-A) is not a teratogen - Vit A supplements are NOT RECOMMENDED ! |
| Vitamin D | Calciferol; 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol; cholecalciferol |
| Vitamin D Function | Mineralization of bone (raises [calcium] and [phosphorus] by increasing absorption from GI tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys) |
| Vitamin D Sources | Self synthesis from cholesterol with the help of sunlight, fortified dairy, cereals, egg yolks, fatty fish |
| Vitamin D deficiency | Rickets in children: decreased calcification of bone, mis-shapen bones (bowed legs), enlargement of ends of long bones, deformed ribs (pigeon breast-bowed ribs/rachitic rosary-beads on ribs), lax muscles --> protrusion of abdomen, delayed closing of skull fontanels --> enlargement of head Osteomalacia in adults: Loss of calcium resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones; progressive weakness, pain in pelvis, lower back, legs |
| Vitamin D toxicity | Hypervitaminosis D: Elevated [calcium], calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs) --> death |
| Vitamin E | Alpha-tocopherol |
| Vitamin E Function | Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) and Vitamin A |
| Vitamin E sources | Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortening), leafy green vegetables, egg yolks, nuts, seeds |
| Vitamin E deficiency symptoms | Erythrocyte hemolysis (red blood cell breakage), nerve damage Premies and low-birth weight babies are at risk for Vit E deficiency because Vit E is stored in fat before birth... Premies and low=birth weight babies are at risk for hemolytic anemia ... that is easily corrected with Vit E |
| Vitamin E toxicity | Extremely high doses of Vit E may interfere with blood-clotting action of Vit K and enhance the effect of drugs that oppose blood clotting ... causing hemorrhages |
| Vitamin K | Phyloquinone, menaquinone, menadione |
| Vitamin K function | Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins |
| Vitamin K sources | Bacterial synthesis in GI tract, liver, leafy green vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables, milk |
| Vitamin K deficiency symptoms | hemorrhaging |
| Vitamin K toxicity | Toxicity is not common and no adverse toxicity effects has been reported... High doses of Vit K can reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs used to prevent blood clotting |
| Vitamin K other info | Newborns are born with sterile gut and Vit K-producing bacteria take weeks to establish themselves. At the same time, plasma prothrombin concentrations are low (to reduce the likelihood of fatal blood clotting during the stress of birth). This could present a problem (especially in premies and low-birth weight babies) and result in hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN)... so all newborns are given a single oral dose or intramuscular injection of Vit K at birth |
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