VBSC211Chapter8
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Created by:
Jrosepfeil on April 13, 2010
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78 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 leave, stay in | once a T cell is activated, it detaches from the APC. CD8+ and CD4+ Th1 cells [leave/stay in] the lymph node. CD4+ Th2 cells [leave/stay in] the lymph node |
| peptide/MHC | effector functions are induced by specific TCR: _____ _____ interaction |
| false | [true/false] effector T cell require co-stimulatory signals |
| CD8+ | ____ cytotoxic T cells need to go to the site of infection and kill cells that are infected |
| B7 | It is good that effector T cells do not require co-stimulatory signals because cytotoxic T cells need to o to the site of infection and kill infected cells that are likely not APC's and thus probably do not express ____ |
| B cells, macrophages | CD4+ T cells interact with _____ in the LN and _____ in the infected tissue |
| true | [true/false] once a naive T cell is activated, the adhesive properties change, increasing the expression of molecules that allow them to interact with target cells |
| VLA-4 | this cell-surface molecule allows T cells to interact with endothelial cells in inflamed, infected tissue |
| CD45 | this cell-surface protein plays an essential role in the activation of LCK |
| CD45RO | this cell surface protein is more efficient than its counterpart, CD45 |
| autocrine stimulation | when a cytokine works on the T cell they are secreted by |
| paracrine stimulation | when a cytokine works on a non-T cell |
| false (they can act from a distance or can be membrane attached for cell-to-cell function) | [true/false] cytokines must be close to their target to function |
| CD8+ | ____ cytotoxic T cells secrete cytotoxins |
| cytotoxins | CD8+ T cells secrete ____, which kill infected cells |
| true (the CD8+ T cell is in contact with its target) | [true/false] cytotoxins must be close to their target to function |
| tyrosine phosphorylation | the common mechanism by which signals are propagated in a target cell after binding of a cytokine receptor |
| more | cytokine responses are [more/less] rapid than TCR activation |
| signal transducers and activators of transcription | STAT |
| STATs | these mediate downstream cytokine responses in infected cells by activating transcription |
| JAK | the cytoplasmic region of a cytokine receptor |
| phosphorylate | after the two JAKs dimerize, they ____ the receptor |
| STATs | after JAKs phosphorylate the receptor, they are bound by these |
| true | [true/false] after STATs bind the phosphorylated receptors, they are themselves phosphorylated by the activated JAKs |
| STATs | phosphorylated _____ form dimers that move into the nucleus to initiate gene transcription |
| true | [true/false] Each type of effector T cell expresses distinct cytokines |
| true | [true/false] some cytokines are produced by all T cells |
| false (they express opposing sets) | [true/false] Th1 and Th2 essentially express the same sets of cytokines |
| CD8+ | these cells express cytokines that induce macrophages to migrate to the site of infection and remove dead cells by phagocytosis |
| viruses, intracellular | the function of CD8+ T cells is to kill cells infected with ___ and ____ pathogens |
| false (they do not have access to them) | [true/false] antibodies are responsible for killing most intracellular pathogens |
| MHC class I | CD8+ effector T cells hone to the site of infection and identify infected cells by binding _____ _____ ___ peptides presented by infected cells |
| synapse | A CD8+ T cell attaches to its target cell and forms a ____ |
| peptide/MHC, secretory, integrin | the synapse between a CD8+ T cell and its target is made up of an inner region of TCR:_____/_____, a _____ channel, and an _____ binding area, and an outer region made up of bigger interacting molecules |
| contact | lytic granules are localized at the point of ____ |
| toward | when the synapse is formed, the microtubules are all aligned pointing [toward/away from] the target cell |
| synapse | the lytic granules are released into the cleft at the center of the ____ between the target and CD8+ cell |
| lytic granules | the precise localization of the ____ _____ limits the possibility that bystander cells are killed |
| false (new granules must be synthesized for each new target) | [true/false] granules are recycled |
| true | [true/false] CD8+ cells secrete interferon gamma |
| inhibits, MHC class I, macrophages | interferon gamma ____ viral replication, increases expression of _____ _____ _____, and activates ______ at the site of infection |
| apoptosis | CD8+ T cells kill cells by inducing [necrosis/apoptosis] |
| perforin, granulysin, granzymes | lytic granules contain specific enzymes: _____, _____ and _____ |
| perforin | this enzyme makes holes in the target cell membrane |
| granulysin | this enzyme helps break down the target cell membrane |
| granzymes | these are proteases that initiate apoptosis |
| Fas ligand | when this cell surface cytokine binds to its receptor, it sends a signal to the target cell to die by apoptosis |
| 1 | Th [1/2] cells activate macrophages |
| MHC class II/peptide | Th 1 cells interacting with _____ _____ _____/_____ on the surface of the macrophage results in macrophage activation |
| phagosome, lysosome | active macrophages have increased fusion of ____ with ____, which kills bacteria |
| true | [true/false] active macrophages have increased production of microbicidal molecules |
| B7, MHC class II | these two molecules expressed by activated macrophages allow other naive T cells to become activated |
| CD40 ligand, Interferon gamma | macrophages require two signals to be activated- _____ _____ and _____ _____ |
| interferon gamma | CD40 ligand-CD40 interaction increases the sensitivity of macrophages to _____ _____ |
| true (but they don't use CD40L) | [true/false] CD8+ T cells make interferon gamma |
| true | [true/false] the Th1 response needs to be regulated because macrophages can kill normal cells |
| true | [true/false] Th2 cytokines inhibit the function of Th1 cells |
| IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-beta | These four Th2 cytokines inhibit Th1 function |
| interferon gamma | Th1 cells must maintain contact with TCR:peptide/MHC to produce ____ ____ (once contact is lost, production is stopped) |
| true | [true/false] CD8+ cells have lytic granules pre-made for killing |
| IL-2 | this Th1 cytokine induces T cell proliferation, increasing the number of effector T cells |
| Fas ligand, TNF-beta | these two Th1-produced cytokines kill chronically infected macrophages, releasing bacteria to be destroyed by healthy macrophages |
| granuloma | when intracellular pathogens manage to resist being killed by macrophages, they are walled off into _____ |
| false (the cells in the center die) | [true/false] when granulomas become large, they summon blood vessels to provide oxygen to those cells in the center |
| macrophages, T cells | a granuloma consists of infected _____ surrounded by activated ____ ____ |
| 2 | Th [1/2] cells are the progeny of naive T cells activated by DC in the lymph node |
| II | mature B cells passing through the lymph node pick up specific antigen and present them as class [I/II] peptides |
| B cell, differentiation | when a TH2 cell recognizes peptide/MHC presented by a ___ ____, they form a synapse and the Th2 cell secretes cytokines that activate B cell _____ |
| CD40 L, IL-4 | these two cytokines stimulate the proliferation of B cells |
| IL-5, IL-6 | these two cytokines stimulate the development of plasma cells |
| false (they must recognize the same antigen, but not necessarily the same epitope) | [true/false] Th2 dependent help requires that B cells and T cells recognize the same antigen and epitope |
| cognate interaction | the recognition of the same antigen by both a B and T cell |
| true | [true/false] in cognate interaction, B cell receptors can recognize a non-protein epitope |
| TH1, TH2, cytokines | one mechanism of CD4+ effector T cell regulation is the mutual suppression of ____ and ____ dependent _____ |
| regulatory T cells | these T cells are CD4+ and suppress both CD4+ and CD8+ effector cells |
| are, do | regulatory T cells [are/are not] antigen specific and [do/do not] act to suppress auto-immune reactions |
| true | [true/ false] regulatory T cells promote peripheral tolerance |
| true | [true/false] regulatory T cells limit the expansion of activated effector T cells |
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