pearson ch 8-11
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78 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 exhibit a joint cavity | synovial joints |
| types are sutures and syndesmoses | fibrous joints |
| bones are connected by collagen fibers | FIBROUS JOINTS |
| types include synchrodoses and symphases | cartilagenous joints |
| all are diarthrotic | synovial joints |
| many are amphiarthrotic | cartilaginous joints |
| bones are connected by a disc of hyaline cartilage or fibrous cartilage | cartilaginous joints |
| nearly all are synarthrotic | fibrous joints |
| shoulder hip jaw and elbow joints | synovial joints |
| freely movable joints are | diarthroses |
| anatomical characteristics of a synovial joint include | all of these (articular cartilage, a joint cavity, and an articular capsule) |
| factors that influence the stability of a synovial joint include | all of these (shape of articular surfaces, presence of strong reinforcing ligaments, tone of surrounding muscles) |
| the description "articular surfaces deep and secure; capsule heavily reinforced by ligaments and muscle tendons; extremely stable joint" best describes | the hip joint |
| ankylosis means | immobility of a joint due to fusion of its articular surfaces |
| an autoimmune disorder in which joints are affected bilaterally and which involves pannus formation and gradual joint immobilization is | rheumatoid arthritis |
| the connective tissue covering that encloses the sarcolemma of an individual muscle fiber is called the | endomysium |
| a fasicle is a | bundle of muscle fibers enclosed by a connective tissue sheath |
| contains actin | thin myofilament |
| contains ATPases | thick myofilament |
| attaches to the Z disc | thin myofilament |
| contains myosin | thick myofilament |
| contains troponin | thin filament |
| does not lie in the I band | thick filament |
| the function of the T tubules in muscle contraction is to | transmit the action potential deep into the muscle cells |
| the sites where the motor nerve impulse is transmitted from the nerve endings to the skeletal muscle cell membranes are the | neuromuscular junctions |
| contraction elicited by a single brief stimulus is called | a twitch |
| a smooth, sustained contraction resulting from very rapid stimulation of the muscle, in which no evidence of relaxation is seen, is called | fused tetanus |
| characteristics of isometric contractions include all but | shortening |
| which provides ATP fastest? | a coupled reaction of creatine phosphate with ADP |
| which does (do) not require that oxygen be available? | A) a coupled reaction of creatine phosphate with ADP and C) anaerobic glycolysis |
| which provides the highest yield of ATP per glucose molecule | aerobic respiration of glucose |
| which results in the formation of lactic acid | anaerobic glycolysis |
| which has carbon dioxide and water products | aerobic respiration of glucose |
| which is most important in endurance sports | aerobic respiration of glucose |
| the neurotransmitter released by somatic motor neurons is | acetylcholine |
| the ions that enter the skeletal muscle cell during action potential generation are | sodium ions |
| myoglobin has a special function in muscle tissue. it | holds a reserve supply of oxygen in the muscle |
| aerobic exercise results in all of the following except | increased size and strength of exisiting muscle cells |
| the smooth muscle type found in the walls of digestive and urinary system organs and that exhibits gap junctions and pacemaker cells is | single-unit |
| a muscle that assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts is | a synergist |
| the arrangement of muscle fibers in which the fibers are arranged at an angle to a central longitudinal tendon is | pennate |
| squints the eyes | orbicularis oculi |
| raises the eyebrows | frontal belly of epicranius |
| smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
| pulls the scalp posteriorly | occipital belly of epicranius |
| the prime mover of inspiration is the | diaphragm |
| the arm muscle that both flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm is the | biceps brachii |
| the chewing muscles that protrude the mandible and produce side-to-side grinding movements are the | pterygoids |
| muscles that depress hyoid bones and larynx include all but the | geniohyoid |
| intrinsic muscles of the back that promote extension of the spine (or head) include all but | scalene muscles |
| several muscles act to move and or stabilize the scapula. which of the following are small rectangular muscles that square the shoulders as they act together to retract the scapula? | rhomboids |
| the quadriceps include all but | biceps femoris |
| a prime mover of hip flexion is the | iliopsoas |
| the prime mover of hip extension against resistance is the | gluteus maximus |
| muscles that cause plantar flexion include all but the | tibialis anterior |
| in walkin which two lower limb muscles keep the forward swinging foot from dragging on the ground | gluteus medius and tibialis anterior |
| what criterion (criteria) are used in naming the gluteus medius | relative size and muscle location |
| which of the following is a large deep muscle that protracts the scapula during punching | serratus anterior |
| which of the following is not part of the central nervous system | a nerve |
| myelinates nerve fibers in the CNS | oligodendrocyte |
| lines brain cavities | ependymal cell |
| myelinates nerve fibers in the PNS | schwann cell |
| CNS phagocytes | microglia |
| helps regulate the ionic composition of CNS extracellular fluid | astrocyte |
| what type of current flows through the axolemma during steep phase of repolarization | chiefly a potassium current |
| assume that an EPSP is being generated on the dendritic membrane. which will occur | a single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of NA+ and K+ |
| the velocity of nerve impulse conduction is greatest in | heavily myelinated large-diameter fibers |
| chemical synapses are characterized by all of the following except | ions flowing through protein channels from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic neuron |
| biogenic amine neurotransmitters include all but | acetylcholine |
| the neuropeptides that act as natural opiates are | enkephalins |
| inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by poisoning blocks neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction because | ACh is not degraded, hence prolonged depolarization is enforced on the postsynaptic cell |
| the anatomical region of a multipolar neuron that has the lowest threshold for generating an AP is the | axon hillock |
| an IPSP is inhibitory because | it hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane |
| impulses continue around and around the circuit until one neuron stops firing | reverberating |
| one or a few inputs ultimately influence large numbers of neurons | diverging |
| many neurons influence a few neurons | converging |
| may be involved in exacting types of mental activity | parallel after-discharge |
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