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allegory a story in which people or things represent an idea or generalization about life allusion a reference to a familiar person place thing or event analogy a comparison of things that appear to be different but are similar anapestic meter meter that are composed of feet that are uu/ anecdote a brief story that makes a point aphorism a wisw saying assonance repetition of the same sound in words close together white- stripes caesura a pause in the rhythm of the language consonance repetition to the final consonance sound -- stroke-luck couplet a stanza made up of two rhyming lines archaic old fashioned words colloquialism words that are accepted in informal settings and regions -- awesome jargon specialized words (doctors words) end rhyme occurs at the end of lines foot one stressed and a number of unstressed syllables iambic unstressed-stressed U / Trochia / U anapestic U U / dactylic / U U heroic couplet a pair of lines written in iambic pentameter hubris the flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero hyperbole an exaggeration of emphasis internal rhyme rhyme that happens within a line of verse Malapropism the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar paradox a contradictory statement that makes sense -- man learns form history that man learns nothing from history personification a literary device in which animals, ideas and things represent human traits first person point of view the story is told from the point of view of a character third person the story is told by someone outside of the story omnisient the narrator shares the thoughts and feelings of all the characters refrain the repetition or refraising of a phrase or line at the end of each stanza verse metric line of poetry Ballad a short poem, often written by an anonymous author, comprised of short verses intended to be sung canto the main section of a poem elegy a mournful poem -- robert luis stevens's "requiem" and Tennyson's "IN Memoriam" Epic A Long narrative detailing a hero's deeds -- THe Aeneid by virgil, The Illiad and Odyssey by Homer, Beowulf, War and peace by Tolstoy, and Hiawatha by Longfellow Haiku poem written in 17 syllables with three lines of five, seven, five syllables limerick a humorous verse form of five anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba lyric a short poem about personal feelings sonnet 14 line poem, usually in iambic pentamitar Fable a short story or folktale that contains a moral --Aesop's fables: The country mouse and the town mouse THe tortis and the hare and the wolf in sheeps clothing Jr r Tolkien Wrote THe Lord of the RIngs C.S. Lewis wrote Chronicles of Narnia, Frame Tale a narritve technique in which the main story is composed primarily for the purpose or organizing shorter stories, each is a story within a story. -- Chaucer's "Canterbury tales and Emily Bronte's Wulthering Heights Ray Bradbury SOmething wicked this way comes and Ferinheigt 451 Legend Story about human actions that is perceived by both the teller and the listeners --- Irving's The legend of sleepy hollow, King arthur and the holy grail Edgar Allen Poe THe murder in Rue Morgue Charles Dickens The Mystery of Ewin Drood, Great expectations Novella A short 50-100 line narrative-- ANimal farm, Kafka's The Metamorphosis Romance idealized events far removed from everyday life-- mary shelly's Frankensein, Shakespear's Troilus and Cressida and King Horn (annonomous) Science fiction Fiction that deals with current and future development-- Orwell's 1984, ALdous Huxley's Brave New world Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 SHort story Jackson's "The Lottery, Irving's "Rip Van WInkle" Biography story about a persons life written by another person Essays Politics and the English Language - Orwell, The American Scholar- Emerson, Moral Essays- Poe ISabel Allende THe HOuse of spirits Maya Angelou I know why the caged bird sings James Balwin Go tell it on the mountain Pearl S Buck The good Earth Sanra Cisneros House on mango street Joseph conrad Heart of Darkness Stephen crane The red badge of courage Charles Dickens Great Expectations Ralph Ellison THe invisible Man Scott Fitzgerald The great Gatsby William Golding THe Miracle worker WIlliam Goliding LOrd of the Flies Lorraine Hansberry A raisin in the sun Nathaniel Hawthorn THe Scarlett letter Ernest Hemingway A farwell to Arms HOmer The Odyddey and The Illiad Zora Neal Hurston THeir eyes were watching God Henry James THe turn of a screw Franz Kafka The Metamorphosis the crucible (Arthur Miller, 1953). Miller chose the 1692 Salem witch trials as his setting, but the work is really an allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch-hunts" of the early 1950s. In the story, Elizabeth Proctor fires servant Abigail Williams after she finds out Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband, John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Also notable: Judge Hathorne is a direct ancestor of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Arther Miller Death of a Salesman Maxine HIng Kingston The Woman Worrier Leslie Marmon Silko Ceremony John Steinbeck Grapes of wrath THe JOy luck club Amy tan Roll of thunder hear my cry mildred taylor the hobbit jrr tolkien Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain Alice Walker The Color purple THorton Wilder Our TOwn Tennessee WIlliams THe Glass Menagerie, A Street Car named Desire Paul Zindel THe Pigman I know why the caged bird sings the 1969 autobiography about the early years of black writer and poet Maya Angelou. It is a coming of age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. Title comes from Paul Lawrence Dunbar's poem "Sympathy" The house on Mango street A woman growing up in poverty in 1960s Chicago is determined to find her own path in life without forgetting her past. Heart of darkness A sailor tells the story of his journey through the Congo, where he met an enigmatic, powerful, insane imperialist who had abandoned the rules of English civilization., story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo. The red badge of courage a naive young man (Henry Fleming) matures as a result of fighting in the Civil War Invisible man it depicts a black man's struggle for identity. In the end, the unnamed narrator runs for his life and falls into a cellar. He decides to remain underground and write a novel about the absurdities of his life., It told about the life of a Southern black man who could not escape racism in the North. A farewell to arms E. Hemingway. A love story which draws heavily on the author's experiences as a young soldier in Italy. Lieutenant Frederic Henry, a young American ambulance driver during WWI. Falls in love with nurse Catherine Barkley. The Battle of Caporetto. In Switzerland, their child is born dead, and Catherine dies due to hemorrhages. The odyssey A Greek warrior undertakes an arduous journey back to his homeland and his loyal wife and son, experiencing many fantastical adventures along the way. THe Illiad epic poem about the Trojan war, by Homer THeir eyes were watching God after two marriages to oppressive men, a woman (Janie Crawford) finds temporary happiness with a husband twelve years her junior; themes: the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion The Metamorphosis (changes to something else , for example caterpillar--> butterfly or man --> werewolf) . Novel by Franz Kafka ,were a man wakes up as a giant insect. He struggles with simple task of getting up and out of bed . Death of a salesman (Arthur Miller, 1949). This play questions American values of success. Willy Loman is a failed salesman whose firm fires him after 34 years. Despite his own failures, he desperately wants his sons Biff and Happy to succeed. Told in a series of flashbacks, the story points to Biff's moment of hopelessness, when the former high school star catches his father Willy cheating on his mother, Linda. Eventually, Willy can no longer live with his perceived shortcomings, and commits suicide in an attempt to leave Biff with insurance money. The Lottery Shirley Jackson. Mysterious town-wide lottery takes place in which the winner is stoned to death. Mrs. Hutchinson wins..., Injustices are easy to overlook when they don't affect you AND traditions should not be carried on simply because they have always been done. There should be some other basis for their presence. THe grapes of wrath Set during the Great Depression, this novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers driven from their home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry. The joy luck club a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair THe color purple story of a protagonist who is repeatedly raped by a man she thinks is her father. A missionary family in Africa adopts the resulting children. The protagonist's sister, Nettie, works for the missionary family, and the novel takes the form of a series of letters between the sisters. Name this Pulitzer Prize winning novel featuring Celie. OUr town (Thornton Wilder, 1938).It is divided into three acts: "Daily Life" (Professor Willard and Editor Webb gossip on the everyday lives of town residents); "Love and Marriage" (Emily Webb and George Gibbs fall in love and marry); and "Death" (Emily dies while giving birth, and her spirit converses about the meaning of life with other dead people in the cemetery). A Stage Manager talks to the audience and serves as a narrator throughout the drama, which is performed on a bare stage. a street car named desire Tennessee Williams. (Drama) Blanche DuBois, fading Southern belle. Nymphomania and alcoholism. French Quarter of New Orleans. Sister Stella, crude Stanley. Pleasure is short. One-way ticket. canterbury tales a book written by Geoffrey Chaucer are stories that a group of pilgrims tell to entertain eachoter as they travel to the shrine of Saint Thoman Becket in Canterbury. Fictional stories. Keats (1795-1821) One of the principle poets of the English Romantic movement. Odes, "Upon First Looking into Chapman's Homer," "Cristabel," "Endymion," "Isabella," "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode on Melancholy," "Ode to a Nightingale," "Ode to Autumn." The glass menagerie Tom Wingfield, who supports his mother Amanda and his crippled sister Laura (who takes refuge from reality in her glass animals). At Amanda's insistence, Tom brings his friend Jim O'Connor to the house as a gentleman caller for Laura. While O'Connor is there, the horn on Laura's glass unicorn breaks, bringing her into reality, until O'Connor tells the family that he is already engaged. Laura returns to her fantasy world, while Tom abandons the family after fighting with Amanda. prometheus unbound (Shelly) Poem about a revolt of humans against a repressive society Don juan Byron -- written in ottava rima ABABABCC; DJ is Byronic hero, typical brooding "bad guy", mocks many aspects of society, poetry, politics, philosophy, etc. Concrete noun Something that can be seen touched tasted or felt Something tangible Abstract noun an idea condition or feeling (justice, freedom) collective nouns name a group (herd family) helping verbs verbs that help verbs show tense, am,is, are, was, were, be, being, been, do, does, did, have, has, had, can, may, must, will, shall, could, might, would, and should (comes before another verb) linking verb A verb that does not show action but connects the subject with a word in the predicate. Present perfect- past perfect - future perfect begin in the past but end in the present past or future infinitive phrase made up og "TO" and the base form of a verb (to order, to abandon) participle verb form ending in (ing or ed) operates as an adjective (barking dog, painted fence) gerund a verb ending in "ING" that functions as a noun (gardening is my favorite activity) antecedent the noun to which the pronoun is refering adverb time place manner degree )tomorrow, there, exactly, degree) Ly words double speak language that is meant to be evasive or conceal (downsized = fired loss of job phonetics the study of sounds of language morphology The study of the structure of words semantics the study of the meaning in language, in language, study of meanings of words syntax the study of the structure of sentences, studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences contemporary Miller- The Crucible, Death of the Salesman, Salinger's- THe catcher in the Rye Modern Mark Twain-, London- WHite Fang, Call of the wild, Frost- NOthing godl can stay, THe road not taken, Joyce, T.S. Elliot- THe wasteland American (Harlem) renaissance Langston hughes, Zora neal Hurston, countee Cullen, EMily Dickinson, Melville's Moby dick, Walt WItman- O Captain my Captain, Post Modernism Nietzsche, Orwell Victorian Dickens- Great Expectations, Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Charlotte Bronte- Jayne Eyre Nationalist (transindentalism) James COoper- The Last of the Mohicans, Pioneer prairie, Emmerson- Nature, THe over soul, Irving's Rip van winkle, the legend of sleepy hollow, Poe- THe raven, Longfellow Revolutionary Declaratoin of Independence, Jefferson Romantic period Keats, Percy shelly- prometheus unbound, Byron- Don Juan, Austen Elizabethian Shakespear, Marlowe- Dr. FAustus, Spenser's - The Faerie Queen Middle English Chaucer, More's- Utopia, Malory's Le morte d' Arthur, shakespear- Everyman Politcal and religious unrest; Humanism and morality O- M- E-P-N-Romantic- V Modernism, Post Modernism old ENglish, Middle English, Elizabethian, Neoclassical, romantic, victorian, moderism, post modernism great expectations Tells the story of Pip, an English orphan who rises to wealth, deserts his true friends, and becomes humbled by his own arrogance. It also introduces one of the more colorful characters in literature: Miss Havasham. The Scarlet letter Nathaniel Hawthorne's masterpiece from mid 1800s about Hester Prynne who has affair w/ Dimmesdale (preacher) and has a baby w/ him. Deals w/ Puritan culture and Hawthorne's ties to Salem witch trials. Brave new world Looks to the year 2540, where society accepts promisc sex and drug (soma) use and science has made humanity carefree, healthy, and technologically advanced. War and poverty no longer exist, and people are always happy. But these achievements have come by eliminating things from which people derive happiness —. Marx and Lenina are both from this artificial world where babies are made in factories, while John the Savage and Linda are from a Savage Reservation that still practice old ways. the wasteland The (1922) T. S. Eliot's epic poem, depicting a world devoid of purpose or meaning. the great gatsby a self-made man (Gatsby) woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves robinson Crusoe the hero of Daniel Defoe's novel about a shipwrecked English sailor who survives on a small tropical island, A man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than twenty years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself., a novel written by Daniel Defoe about a sailor shipwrecked on an island Harriet beecher stowe United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896), wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin willa cather United States writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947), wrote My Antonia; prolific during the 1920s, reputation as one of the most important post-Civil War American authors antithesis the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance fallacy a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning beloved an ex-slave is haunted by the memory of the daughter she killed; historical fiction, ghost story; characters include: Baby Suggs, Denver, Sethe sestina A type of fixed form poetry consisting of thirty-six lines of any length divided into six sestets and a three-line concluding stanza called an envoy. The six words at the end of the first sestet's lines must also appear at the ends of the other five sestets, in varying order. These six words must also appear in the envoy, where they often resonate important themes. masculine rhyme A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable feminine rhyme latter two syllables of first word rhyme with latter two syllables of second word (ceiling appealing) the sun also rises E. Hemingway. A powerful expose of the life and values of the Lost Generation. Jake Barnes is in love with Brett Ashley (a girl), but Barnes suffered an injury during World War I... Robert Cohn (Jewish outsider), Michael Campbell (Brett's fiance), Bill Gorton, Pedro Romero (star bullfighter of the fiesta.) The awakening Written by Kate Chopin in 1899. The Awakening portrays a married woman who defies social convention first by falling in love with another man, and then by committing suicide when she finds that his views on women are as oppressive as her husband's. The novel reflects the changing role of women during the early 1900s. Sister carrie Theodore Dreiser's novel; single woman who moved to city and worked in shoe factory but then turned to prostitution due to poverty orthography noun; the art or study of correct spelling according to established usage / the aspect of language study concerned with letters and their sequences with words / spelling comma splice two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma dangling modifier dangling modifiers have no noun or pronoun to modify, change the dangling modifier to an independent clause. imperitive sentence gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period