Exam V- Dr. Sara's Class
About this set
Created by:
hbwelch on April 15, 2010
Subjects:
cellular respiration, photosynthesis, glycolysis, gas laws, Calvin Cycle, krebs cycle, electron transport chains, metabolism, light reactions, carbon fixation
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34 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | An organic compound that acts as the ENERGY CURRENCY of the cell. It is made up of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. |
| ATP Synthase | A large enzyme (protein) that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP. It is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. |
| inner mitochondrial membrane | Membrane surrounding the mitochrondrial matrix; location of electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP synthesis. |
| thylakoid membrane | Contains pigments, photosystems, ATP synthase, and an electron transport chain. It surrounds thylakoids located in chloroplasts and is the site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Calvin cycle | A cyclic series of reactions in photosynthesis; uses the ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to synthesize sugars. |
| chemiosmosis | a process in chloroplasts and mitochondria in which the movement of H+ ions down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled with the synthesis of ATP |
| chlorophyll | green pigments in the thylakoids of chloroplasts that absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis |
| chloroplasts | membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in plants and photosynthetic protists |
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) | a phosphorylated 3-carbon compound that is a product of the Calvin cycle and is used to synthesize glucose that is then broken down in glycolysis |
| granum (pl. grana) | A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast |
| light-dependent reactions | reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to synthesize ATP and NADPH. Includes cyclic electron transport and noncyclic electron transport. |
| mesophyll | The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis. |
| NADP+ | the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; an organic molecule that accepts electrons during redox reactions and acts as an electron transfer agent in photosynthesis |
| NADPH | the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; an electron carrier that provides the high-energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the third stage of photosynthesis |
| NAD+ | a coenzyme that can picks up two electrons and an H+ ion to form NADH and acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain |
| NADH | reduced form of NAD+, an electron carrier in ETC that is oxidized to form NAD+ again as it passes two electrons to another carrier. |
| glycolysis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP; takes place outside the mitochondria in the cytosol |
| cytosol | the aqueous part of the cytoplasm in which the organelles are suspended; site of glycolysis |
| mitochondria | organelle that serves as the site of cellular respiration |
| mitochondrial matrix | the fluid-filled space within the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle |
| pyruvate | organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms; two molecules form as end products of glycolysis. |
| Krebs cycle | in all plants and animals: a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the mitochondrial matrix involving the oxidation of acetyl CoA; yields 6 molecules of NADH, 2 molecules of FADH2, 2 molecules of ATP, and 4 molecules of CO2 |
| non-cyclic electron transport | the linear flow of electrons through photosystems I and II; results in the formation of ATP (by chemiosmosis), NADPH, and O2 |
| cyclic electron transport | the flow of electrons through photosystem I that produces ATP only |
| photolysis | occurs in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependent reactions; the photochemical splitting of two molecules of water to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons |
| photon | a particle of light energy emitted by the sun and absorbed by chlorophyll as the first step in photosynthesis |
| photophosphorylation | the process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate during photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis | the biological process in plants, algae, and some bacteria that captures light energy and transforms it into the chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates (sugars and starches); requires carbon dioxide and water and oxygen is a by-product. |
| pigment | a substance that selectively absorbs light of different wavelengths |
| stomata (singular: stoma) | Small pores located in the epidermis of plants that provide for gas exchange in photosynthesis. Each one is flanked by two guard cells, which are responsible for its opening and closing |
| stroma | A fluid space of the chloroplast, enclosed by the chloroplast inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids; site of the reactions of the Calvin cycle |
| chlorophyll a | the most abundant and most important pigment in the process of photosynthesis; blue-green in color |
| chlorophyll b | a yellow-green accessory pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a for photosynthesis |
| carotenoids | accessory pigment, yellow or orange in color, that absorbs wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot and transfers the energy to chlorophyll, thereby broadening the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis |
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