Nutrition, Metabolism, Body Tempature
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Created by:
lizlenheart on April 15, 2010
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Macronutrients | Proteins- 4.5 grams, Carbohydrate 4.5 grams, Fats 9.0 grams...major source of calories |
| Micronutrients | Vitamins, Minerals, Water 60% of food |
| Essential Nutrients | cannot be made in body...need diet to outsource. minerals, most vitamins, 8 amino acids |
| Nonessential Nutrients | can be made by body- most amino acids (12) |
| Types of long chain amino acids | Fibrous protein and globular protein |
| Fibrous Protein | used for cytoskeleton and ECM |
| Globular Proteins | 1. channels/pumps 2. fighting infection 3. muscle contraction Meat,fish,eggs,milk---complete proteins (have all amino acids) can be found in plants, seeds, nuts, and cereals |
| Uses for proteins and amino acids | 1. Make structural components of cells and tissues (replace old) 2. Burned as fuel 3. Converted to fat and stored |
| All-or-None Rule | All amino acids must be present to make proteins in the body |
| Adequate Caloric intake | if inadequate, then burn a.a for ATP |
| Hormonal Controls | certain hormones accelerate protein synthesis..ex. GH and steroids (testosterone) |
| Uses of Proteins/Amino Acids depends on: | All-or-None rule, Adequate caloric intake, Hormonal controls, and Nitrogen Balance |
| Positive Nitrogen Balance | making more protein then breaking down for energy..ex: growing children, pregnant women, or recovering for illness/surgery |
| Negative Nitrogen Balance | breaking down more protein for energy exceeds the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues. ex; poor diet, starvation, or during physical or emotion stress |
| Carbohydrates | simple and complex sugars, used for fuel (glucose is primary) and other sugars are converted to glucose by liver to ATP |
| Dietary Sources of Carbohydrates | 1. Monosaccharides/disaccharides 2. Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides and Disaccharides | found in friuts, sugar cane, honey, milk |
| Polysaccharides | complex cards, starches from grains and veggies |
| Dietary Carbohydrate Requirement | at least 130 g/day to support brain activity. complex carbs provide nutrients along with calories, simple sugar/carbs are "empty calories" |
| Lipids uses in body: | 1. serve as fuel (concentrated source of calories) 2. absorption of fat-soluble vitamins 3. make up cellular membranes 4. flavor and tenderness of food 5. cholesterol to synthesis of hormones; integral part of cell membranes |
| Fatty deposits uses: | 1. protective cushion around body organs. 2. insulating layer beneath skin 3. fuel reserve |
| Saturated Fats | meats, dairy foods, hydrogenated oils (trans fat) |
| Unsaturated Fats | seeds, nuts, most veggie oils |
| Cholesterol | egg yolk, meats, shell fish, dairy -- liver produced 85% of all blood cholesterol |
| Dietary Requirements of Lipids | no more that 30% of total calories, limit saturated fat into to 10%, limit cholesterol to 300 mg/day |
| Vitamins | most are conenzymes - help with enzyme function. only Vit D, K, and B are made in body. no single food has them all |
| Water-soluble vitamins | absorbed in GI tract, excess is excreted in urine, B-complex and Vit C |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | bound to ingested lipids, excess is stored Vits A,D,E,K |
| Minerals | sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur plus 12 more |
| Anabolic chemical rxns | build larger, more complex molecules from simpler ones |
| Catabolic chemical rxns | break down complex molecules into simpler ones |
| Cellular Respiration | catabolic rxns where food molecules are broken down inside cells to produce ATP |
| Processing of Nutrients | Stage 1: digestion in GI tract. Stage 2. Nutrients absorbed from bld stream into cytoplasm Stage 3. oxidative breakdown in mitochondria |
| Stage 1 Digestion in GI tract | Proteins - a.a Carbs - simple sugars/glucose Fats- glycerol, fatty acids |
| Stage 2 Nutrients absorbed | Anabolism (aa=proteins, glucose = glycagon, glycol/fattyacids = lipids/fats) vs. Catabolism (everything = pyvric acid and actyl CoA) |
| Stage 3 Oxidative breakdown | Kreb's Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| Oxidation | loss of electrons (hydrogen) |
| reduction | gain of electrons (hydrogen) |
| Transfer hydrogens | FAD and NAD |
| Carbohydrate Metabolism (major steps) | Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| Glycolysis | converts 1 glucose to 2 pyruvic acid molecules |
| Phase 1 (glycolysis) | Sugar Activation- converts to fructose 1,2-bisP |
| Phase 2 (glycolysis) | Sugar Cleavage- converted into 2 3-carbon isomers |
| Phase 3 (glycolysis) | Sugar Oxidation and ATP Formation- loses H's. phosphates attached to catabolic |
| Final produces of Glycolysis | 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH + H, 4 ATP (net of 2) |
| Citric Acid Cycle | completely broken down, occurs in mitochondria, produces very high energy electrons |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | occurs in mitochondrial membrane - requires O2 |
| Glycogenesis | formation of glycogen from excess glucose- activated by insulin..stores glucose for later use. happens in liver and skeletal muscle |
| Glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to form glucose - occurs when bld glucose drops, happens in liver, kidney, intestinal cells |
| Gluconeogenesis | forming new glucose molecules from Noncarbohydrate molecules. occurs in liver when too little glucose available |
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