| Term | Definition |
| tone | whatever leads us to infer the author's attitude. Commonly the choice of details, characters, events, situation, and words leads us to an understanding of tone |
| style | individual traits or characteristics of a piece of writing. A writer's particular way of managing words |
| diction | choice of words |
| minimalist | an author of realism who has a flat, laid back, unemotional tone. It is an appropriately bare, unabandoned style. The author gives nothing but the facts drawn from ordinary life |
| irony(verbal) | implies a contrast or discrepancy between what is said and what is meant |
| sarcasm | verbal irony tinged with mockery |
| irony(situational) | a situation can be ironic if it contains some wry contrast or incongruity |
| ironic point of view | a point of view where we sense a sharp distinction between the narrator of a story and the author |
| irony of fate/cosmic irony | when we sense that some malicious fate (or other spirit of the universe) is deliberately frustraiting human efforts |