| Term | Definition |
| interminably | without end; tiresomely long |
| conscripting | forcing people to enlist in the army |
| impenetrable | can not be entered or crossed |
| plundering | taking by force |
| emperor | principal ruler of China |
| grotto | cave |
| pagoda | originally burial sites; evolved as the principal worship area of Buddhist temples |
| loess | yellow-brown soil |
| oracle | prediction about the future |
| feudalism | economic system in which nobles own the farmland and peasants work on it |
| dialect | different form of the same language |
| Himalayas | world’s highest mountains, southwest part of China |
| nobility | class of people having high birth or rank |
| Confucianism | ideas of Confucius, emphasizing such values as family, tradition, and mutual respect |
| province | territory governed as a unit within a country or empire |
| bureaucracy | type of organization structured like a pyramid, with one person at the top and many at the bottom; workers at each level supervise those below them |
| censorship | control of what people read or write or see or hear; efforts to prohibit free expression of ideas |
| seismograph | machine that detects and records the intensity of earthquakes |
| middleman | trader who buys from the producers and sells to the consumers |
| yurt | tent |
| terra cotta | clay |