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McNaughton Rule you are defined as insane if you don't know what you did was wrong (too strict?) The Product Rule or Derham/New Hampshire test Is the crime a product of mental illness mens rea guilty mind; what were your intentions? were you forced? irresistable impulse mental disorder that makes you do something; you would still act that way if a cop were standing there distinguishing evil from mental illness difference in intent evil intentionally behaving or causing other to act in ways that demean, dehumanize, harm, or destroy innocent people problems with defining mental disorder as "different from average" too subjective problems with defining mental disorder as "behavior that leads to distress, disability, or increased risk of death, pain, or loss of freedom heroic people like Gandhi ventromedial prefrontal cortex important for social reasoning and decision making somatic marker hypothesis links perceptual representations with representations of their emotional and social significance antisocial personality disorder a failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, deceitfulness, impulsiveness, reckless disregard for the sake of self and others, lack of remorse and "consistent irresponsibility" Bandura Observational Learning Study observing violence increases violent behavior Helping puppy to learn by punishing his mistakes study 50% of male students shocked the puppy; 100% of female students shocked the puppy Stanley Milgrim experiment as the "teacher" increases shock, he dissents, but ultimately obeys authority how many people go up to 140 volts in the Stanley Milgrim study? the majority masked power study anonymity (having a hood over your head) increases how long you will hold on to the shock button and you will increase over time steps to propagating evil and terror 1. ideology to justify means to ends 2. small first step, minor action 3. successfully increasing small action 4. seemingly "just authority" in charge 5. compassionate leader changes gradually to become an authoritarian monster 6. rules are vague, changing 7. situation re-labels actors and actions ("teacher helping," not "aggressor hurting") 8. provide social models of compliance 9. allow verbal dissent, but insist on behavioral compliance 10. anonymity 11. making exit difficult Stanford Prison Study the volunteers begin to play their roles (randomly assigned: guard or prisoner) without instruction EVIL: personal personal pathologies of guilty actors, character defects, sadistic personalities EVIL: situational good men and women corrupted by behavioral context, by powerful situational force EVIL: systematic evil barrel of prison with evil barrel of war--more broad extrinsic influences, political, strategic, economic, general context Andrea Yeats was sane did not act "crazy or possessed," carefully planned, relentlessly executed, maintained her composure, understood her actions, understood her crime would be condemned Andrea Yeats was insane very sick, post-partum depression, post-partum psychosis, taken off medication, lover her child, psychotic delusion that she was saving her children from the devil, infanticide laws