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Roots The subterranean portion of a plant body, consisting of root branches and root hairs Shoots The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers Parenchyma A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type Collenchyma A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth Sclerenchyma A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity Water-conducting cell Composed of tracheids and vessel elements, these both have rigid, lignin-containing secondary cell walls Food-conducting cell Have thin primary walls and no secondary walls, and they remain alive at maturity. Also known as sieve-tube members Ground tissue system A system made up of tissues of mostly parenchyma cells that makes up the bulk of a young plant and fills the space between the dermal and vascular tissue systems Epidermis The dermal tissue system in plants Angiosperms A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary Monocots A subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon e.g. corn, grasses Dicots A subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons e.g. roses, apples, petunias Apical meristem Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length Lateral meristems Cylinder-shaped corers of plant tissue that remain embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth Vascular cambium A continuous cylinder of meristematic cells surrounding the xylem and pith that produces secondary xylem and phloem Cork cambium A cylinder of meristematic tissue in plants that produces cork cells to replace the epidermis during secondary growth Sapwood The lighter colored portion of a log that consists of younger secondary xylem that actually conducts water Heartwood Located in the center portion of a tree trunk, it consists of older layers of secondary xylem Double fertilization A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm Fruit A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal Casparian strip A water-impermeable ring of wax around endodermal cells in plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls Xylem The tube-shaped, nonliving portion of the vascular system in plants that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant Transpiration The evaporative loss of water from a plant; typically via the stomata Stomata A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange Turgor The normal distension or rigidity of plant cells, resulting from the pressure exerted from within against cell walls by the cell contents Root pressure The upward push of water within the stele of vascular plants, caused by active pumping of minerals into the xylem by root cells Phloem The portion of the vascular system in plants consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant Pressure flow mechanism An accepted theory that states that sugars and other solutes are transported via phloem along along a gradient of hydrostatic pressure developed osmotically Macroneutrients A chemical substance that an organism must obtain in relatively large amounts Micronutrients An element that an organism needs in very small amounts and that functions as a component or cofactor of enzymes Topsoil A mixture of particles derived from rock, living organisms, and humus Humus Decomposing organic material found in topsoil Cation exchange A process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles Mycorrhizae A mutualistic association between plant roots and fungi Nitrogen fixation The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into ammonia that can be directly used by plants Root nodules Swellings consisting of plant cells that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria Predation An interaction between species in which one species, the predator, eats the other, the prey Parasitism A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont (parasite) benefits at the expense of the host by living either within the host (as an endoparasite) or outside the host (as an ectoparasite)