The Respiratory System
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127 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What three regions is the Pharynx divded into? | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx. |
| Where is the Pharynx located? | From the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. |
| What is the location of the Nasopharynx? | Lies posterior to the nasal cavity. |
| What is the function of the Nasopharynx? | Strictly an air passageway. Closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity. |
| What accessory organ is in the Nasopharynx? | The Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) that lie high on the posterior wall. |
| What are the tubes that open into the lateral walls of the Nasopharynx? | The Pharyngotympanic auditory tubes. |
| What is the location of the Oropharynx? | Extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis. |
| What is the function of the Oropharynx? | Serves as a common passageway for food and air. |
| What accessory organs are in the Oropharynx? | The Palatine tonsils that lie in the lateral walls of the fauces (latin for throat), and the Lingual tonsils that covers the base of the tongue. |
| What is the location of the Laryngpharynx? | Lies posterior to the upright epiglottis. |
| What is the function of the Laryngopharynx? | Serves as a common passageway for food and air. |
| What is the location of hte Larynx? | Attaches to the hyoid bond, continuous with the trachea posteriorly. |
| What are the function of the Larynx? | To provide a patent airway, to route air and food into the proper chanels, to function in voice production. |
| What is the Epiglottis? | Elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing. |
| What is the function of the Vocal Folds (True Vocal Cords)? | Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs. |
| What is the function of the False Vocal Cords (Vestibular Fold)? | Have no function in sound production. |
| What is the opening between the vocal folds? | The glottis. |
| What is Speech? | Intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis. |
| What is Pitch? | Determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords. |
| What is Loudness? | Depends upon the force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords. |
| What chambers amplify and enhance sound quality? | Pharynx, oral, nasal and sinus cavities. |
| How is sound shaped into launguage? | By action of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips. |
| What is the primary bronchi? | Trachea. |
| What does each bronchus enter? | The hilum of one lung. |
| Which bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical? | Right main bronchus. |
| What do each main bronchus branch into? | Lobar (secondary) bronchi. |
| What does each lobar bronchus branch into? | Segmental (tertiary) bronchi. |
| What is the diameter of a bronchiole? | Less than 1 mm. |
| What is the diameter of terminal bronchioles? | Less than 0, are the smallest. |
| What accounts for most of the lungs volume and are the mains ite for gas exchange? | 300 million Alveoli. |
| What is the function of Alveoli? | Provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange. |
| What two circulations are the lungs perfused by? | Pulmonary and bronchial. |
| What are Pulmonary Arteries? | Supply systemic venous blood to be oxygenated. |
| What are Pulmonary Veins? | Carry oxygenated blood from the respiratory zones to the heart. |
| What are Bronchial Arteries? | Provide system blood to the lung tissue. |
| What do bronchial veins anastomose with? | Pulmonary veins. |
| What are the two phases pulmonary ventilation consists of? | Inspiration and Expiration. |
| What is Inspiration? | Gases flow into the lungs. |
| What is Expiration? | Gases exit the lungs. |
| What is Atmospheric Pressure? | Patm. Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body. |
| What is the Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level? | 760 mm Hg. |
| What is Respiratory Pressure? | Relative to Patm. |
| What is Negative Respiratory Pressure? | Less than Patm. |
| What is Postive Respiratory Pressure? | Greater than Patm. |
| What is Zero Respiratory Pressure? | Equal to Patm. |
| What is Intrapulmonary (Intra-Alveolar) Pressure? | Ppul. Pressure in the alveoli, fluctuates with breathing. |
| What is Intrapulmonary Pressure always eventually equalized with? | Patm. |
| What is Intrapleural Pressure? | Pip. Pressure in the pleural cavity. Fluctuates with breathing. |
| What is Intraplueral Pressure always? | Negative pressure - always less than intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure (<Patm and <Ppul). |
| What is Lung Collapse? | Caused by equalization of the intrapleural pressure with the intrapulmonary pressure. |
| What is Transpulmonary Pressure? | Difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures (Ppul - Pip). Keeps the airways open. |
| What is Atelectasis? | Lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles that resulted in colapse of alveoli, or would that admits air into pleural cavity (pneumothorax). |
| What is Pulmonary Ventilation? | Mechanical processes that depend on volume changes in the thoracic cavity. |
| What happens in volume changes in pulmonary ventilation? | Pressure changes. |
| What happens if pressure changes in pulmonary ventilation? | Gases flow to equalize pressure. |
| What is Boyles Law? | The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. P varies inversely with V. P1V1 = P2V2. |
| What is the process of Inspiration? | An active processes. Inspiratory muscles contract. Thoracic volume increases. Lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases. Intrapulmonary pressure drops. Air flows into the lungs, down its pressure gradiant until Ppul = Patm. |
| What are the Inspiratory muscles? | Diaphragm, external intercostals. |
| What does Intrapulmonary pressure drop too during Inspiration? | - 1 mm Hg. |
| What is the process of Expiration? | A passive processes. Inspiratory muscles relax. Thoracic cavity volume decreases. Elastic lungs recoil and intrapulmonary volume decreases. Ppul rises. Air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradiant until Ppul = 0. |
| What does Ppul rise to during expiration? | +1 mm HG. |
| What is forced expiration? | An active process that uses abdominal and internal intercostal muscles. |
| What is Surface Tension? | The attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface. |
| What is the liquid coasting of the alveolar surface always acting to reduce? | The alveoli to the small possible size. |
| What is Surfactant? | A detergent like complex, reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing. |
| What does Insufficient quanity of Surfactant in premature infants result in? | Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS). |
| What is a Spirometer? | Instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities. |
| What can a Spirometer distrinquish between? | Obstructive pulmonary disease - increased airway resistances (e.g., chronic bronchitis), and Restrictive disorders - reduction in total lung capacity due to structual or functional lung changes (e.g., fibrosis or TB). |
| What may increases in TLC, FRC and RV occur as a result of? | Obstructive diseases. |
| What may reduction of VC, TLC, FRC, and RV result from? | Restrictive diseases. |
| What is the Alveolar Ventilation Rate? | AVR - measures the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time. |
| What does slow deep breathing do? | Increases AVR. |
| What does rapid, shalow breathing do? | Decreases AVR. |
| What is Daltons Law of Partial Pressures? | Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixter. |
| What is the partial pressure of each gas directional proportional too? | Its percentage in the mixture. |
| What is Henry's Law? | What a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid each gas will disolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. |
| What does the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depend on? | Its solubility. |
| What is most soluble? | Carbon dioxide. |
| What is 1/20th as soluble as C02? | Oxygen. |
| What is practicall insoluble? | Nitrogen. |
| What is ventilation? | Amount of gas reaching the alveoli. |
| What is perfusion? | Blood flow reaching the alveoli. |
| What needs to be matched (coupled) for efficient gas exchange? | Ventilation and perfusion. |
| How is molecular oxygen carried in the blood? | Bound to hemoglobin (HB) within red blood cells and is dissolved in plasma. |
| What does is Hb molecule bind too? | Four oxygen atoms. |
| What does each red blood cell have? | ~270 million hemoglobin molecules. |
| What is hemoglobin-oxygen combination called? | Oxyhemoglobin (HBO2). |
| What is Saturated Hemoglobin? | When all four hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen. |
| What is Partially Saturated Hemoglobin? | When one to three hemes are bound to oxygen. |
| What is the rate of loading and unloading of 02 regulated by? | P02, Temperature, Blood Ph, and Pco2. |
| How does Po2 effect the rate of loading and unloading of 02? | Increase unloading, as concentration of 02 decreases. |
| How does temperature effect the rate of loading and unloading of 02? | Increases unloading as temperature increases. |
| How does Blood pH effect the rate of loading and unloading of 02? | Increases unloading as H+ increases (pH drops). |
| How does Pco2 effect the rate of loading and unloading of 02? | Increases unloading as concentration of CO2 increases. |
| What is Hypoxia? | Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues. |
| What is Nitric Oxide (NO) in Hemoglobin-Nitric Oxide partnership? | A vasodilator that plays a role in blood pressure regulation. |
| What is Hemoglobin in Hemoglobin-Nitric Oxide partnership? | A vasconstrictor and a nitric oxide scavenger (heme destroys NO). |
| What happens when oxygen binds to a hemoglobin in the Hemoglobin-nitric oxide partnership? | Nitric oxide binds to a cysteine amino acid on hemoglobin, bound nitric oxide is protected from degratation by hemoglobin's iron. |
| What happens as deoxygenated hemoglobin picks up carbon dioxide? | Binds nitric oxide and carries these gases to the lungs for unloading. |
| What are the three forms that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood? | Disolved in plasma - 7 to 10%. Chemically bound to hemoglobin - 20% is carried in RBC's as carbaminohemoglobin. Bicarbonate ion in plasma - 70% is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-). |
| What is the Haldane Effect? | The lower the PO2 and hemoglobin saturation with O2, the more CO2 can be carried in the blood. |
| What happens at the tissues as more carbon dioxide enters the blood? | More O2 dissociates from hemoglobin (Bohr effect). More Co2 combines with hemoglobine and more bicarbonate ions are formed. |
| What is the Dorsal Respiratory Group? | DRG - Near the root of cranial nerve IX. Integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors. |
| What is the Ventral Respiratory Group? | VRG - Rhythm generating and integrative center. Sets Eupnea. Inspiratory neurons excite the inspiratory muscles via the phrenic and intercostal nerves. Expiratory neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons. |
| What is Eupnea? | eu = good, pne = breath, 12 - 15 breaths/minute. |
| What is the Pontine Respiratory center? | Influence and modify activity of the VRG, smooth out transition between inspiration and expiration and vice versa. |
| What is the Hering-Breur Reflex? | Stretch receptors in the pleurae and airs are stimulated by lung inflation. Inhibitory signals to the medullary respiratory centers end inhalation and allow expiration to occur. Acts more as a protective response. |
| What happens if PCO2 levels rise? | Hypercapnia CO2 levels decline - results in increased depth and rate of breathing. |
| What is Hyperventilation? | Increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove CO2. May cause cerebral vasoconstriction and cerebral ischemia. |
| What is Apnea? | Period of breathing cessation that occurs when PCO2 is abnormally low. |
| What is Hyperpnea? | Increase in ventilation (10 to 20 fold) in response to metabolic needs. |
| What are the three nerual factors that cause an increase in ventilation as exercise begins? | Psychological stimuli, simultaneous cortical motor activation of skeletal muscles and respiratory centers. Excitatory impulses reaching respiratory centers from proprioceptors in moving muscles, tendons and joints. |
| What happens as Exercise ends? | Ventilation declines suddenly as the three neural factors shut off. |
| What is Acidosis reflect? | Carbon doxide retention, accumulation of lactic acid, excess fatty acids in patients with diabeletes mellitus. |
| What is Acute Mountain Sickness? | AMS - quick travel to altitutes above 8000 feet may produce symptoms. |
| What are teh Symptoms of AMS? | Headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, and dizziness. Severe cases lethal cerebral and pulmonary edema. |
| What is Acclimatization? | Respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude include increased ventilation and decline in blood 02. |
| How long does it take to denefit from high altitude training for increased performance? | 3 - 4 weeks. |
| What is COPD? | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Irreversible decrease in the ability to force air out of the lungs. |
| What are the common features of COPD? | History of smoking in 80% of patients, Dyspnea, Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections, most victims develop respiratory failure accompanied by respiratory acidosis. |
| What is Asthma? | Active inflammation of the airways preceds bronchospasms, airway inflammation is an immune response. 1 in 10 people suffer. |
| What is TB? | Tuberculosis - infections disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Fever, night sweats, weight loss a racking cough and spitting up blood. Treated by 12 months course of antibiotics. |
| What is Lung Cancer? | Leading cause of cancer deaths in North America. Metastasizes rapidly and widely; most victims die within 1 year of diagnosis. 90 % of all cases are the result of smoking. |
| What are the 3 most common types of Lung Cancer? | Squamous Cell Carcinoma (20 - 40% of cases) in bronchial epithelium. Adenocarcinoma (~40% of cases) originates in peripheral lung areas. Small cell carcinoma (~20% of cases) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary brochi and subsequently metastasize. |
| By what week can a prematurely born baby breathe on its own? | 28th week. |
| What is the respiratory rate of newborns? | Highest - 40 - 80 respirations per minute. |
| What is the respiratory rate of adults? | Slower - 12 - 15 per minute. |
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