5 Written Questions

1. 1. injury to the pulmonary capillaries, endothelium, 2. inflammation and platelet activation, 3. surfactant inactivation, 4. atelectasis
2. respiratory rate remains abnormally low and is insufficient to meet the demands for normal oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. (most common cause of hypercapnia)
3. often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae; is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination, bactera enter the lung through bloodstream inflammatroy response cause dead cell debries to obstruct airway. whinitis, coough, high fever, chills, chest pain, nasal flaring, retratctions
4. The collection of fluid in the alveoli, particularly dangerous because it impedes gas exchange. Common causes of pulmonary edema are increased pulmonary blood pressure or infection of the respiratory system. signs and symptoms: crackles, dyspnea and tachypnea, peripheral edema, cough with pink frothy sputum
5. characterized by airway obstruction that is worse with expiration. Either more force is required to expire a given volume of air or emptying of the lungs is slowed or both. unifying sign= dsypnea, unifying symptom=wheezing

5 Matching Questions

1. treatment for acute bronchitis
2. clinical manifestations of pneumonia
3. flail chest
4. Surgical procedures which carry higher risk for postoperative respiratory failure.
5. absorption atelectasis

1. a fracture of two or more adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows for free movement of the fractured segment. Results in instability of a portion of the chest wall, causing paradoxic movement of the chest with breathing. usually associated with significant underlying lung contusion.
2. b those that involve the central nervous system, thorax, or upper abdomen. Individuals usually have had a period of hypotension during surgery, and many have sepsis
3. c most cases are preceded by an upper respiratory infection, which is usually viral. This is followed by the onset of cough, dyspnea, and fever. symptoms include cough, chills, malaise, and pleuritic chest pain.
4. d rest, aspirin, humidity, and a cough suppressant such as codeine.
5. e results from removal of air because of destroyed alveoli or from inhaling pure O2 (ie. drugs- becomes hypoxemic b/c can't exchange gases or ie after surgery due to inhaling anesthetics)

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. a somatic sensation of acute discomfort, precipitated by breathing or coughing; usually described as sharp; present during respiration; absent when breath held, most common type of respiratory system pain
   1. hypocapnia
   2. pleural effusion
   3. pleurisy
   4. pleural pain
2. a late-stage fibrotic process that occludes the airways and causes permenant scarring of the lungs. This is most common after lung transplantation (affects nearly 50% of recipients)
   1. bronchiolitis obliterans
   2. bronchiectasis
   3. bronchiolitis
   4. bronchiogenic carcinomas
3. an excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung. It can be caused by formation of scar tissue after active disease, or by inhalation of harmful substances (e.g. coal dust or asbestos)
   1. pulmonary fibrosis
   2. silicosis
   3. hemoptysis
   4. pneumoconiosis
4. environmental factors and genetics. There is also a "hygiene hypothesis" to explain cause
   1. flail chest
   2. signs of asthma
   3. aspiration
   4. asthma is caused by
5. abnormal enlargement of distal phalanges as a result of diminished O2 in blood
   1. pleurisy
   2. coughing
   3. sputum
   4. clubbing

5 True/False Questions

1. spontaneous pneumothorax → the site of pleural rupture acts as a one-way valve, permitting air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing up during expiration. Causes compression atelectasis

   True        False

2. pneumothorax → accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the walls of the chest), seen in pneumonia, tuberculosis, or carcinoma.

   True        False

3. nosocomial pneumonia → infectious inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma that originates in the hospital (pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). higher mortality rate than community-acquired pneumonia.

   True        False

4. coughing → deep breath followed by forceful exhalation from mouth, sudden expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages

   True        False

5. bronchiogenic carcinomas → Lung Cancer, an invasive malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue of the bronchial mucosa that tends to metastasize to other areas of the body.

   True        False