geography 202
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charlottej09 on April 28, 2010
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122 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Central Asia: Physical Setting | -Extremely mountaious, High plateaus, Desert, & Pamir Knot and Himalayas (highest in the world) |
| Central Asia: Climate | -Dry or highland, Continental, Huge temperature extremes (no insolating water, no moisture in air) |
| Central Asia: Natural Hazards | -Earthquakes, Drought, Tajikistan "Roof of the World" |
| Central Asia: Environmental Issues | -Water Management: Diversion of rivers for irrigation, Soil salinazation, Desiccation (drying up) lakes |
| Central Asia: Aral Sea | -Shrinking lake, Soviet command economy, Set boundaries so Moscow in control, Diverted water to irrigate cotton |
| Central Asia: Population | -Compare: Highland vs. Lowland population, Rural |
| Central Asia: Agriculture | -Alluvial fans, Intensive cultivation, Loess deposits (wind), Fertile, Nomadic pastoralism, Steppes (high-elevation grasslands) |
| Central Asia: Migration | -Chinese moving weat, Russians moving back to Russia, Movement because of War on Terror |
| Central Asia: Population Indicators | -Afghanistan has extremely high TFR, Highest population, Very young population, Rural population |
| Central Asia: Linguistic Diversity | -Unifying language is Russian in Central Asian Republics |
| Central Asia: Religion | -Islam dominates western part of region, Buddhism dominates eastern part of region |
| Ethnic Diversity in Afghanistan | -Makes "nationhood" difficult |
| Central Asia: Geopolitical framework | -Imperialist overprint (imprint) from Soviet Union and China |
| Mongol Empire | -In 1200's, this was largest land-based empire the world has ever seen |
| War in Afghanistan | -Fighting against Taliban, weapons caches among civlians in isolated villages, drugs, lack of discipline are a problem in Afghan military, harsh lanscape, "Navy Seals in Afghanistan" |
| Central Asia: Economic Indicators | -One of the world's least prosperous regions |
| Oil development in Central Asia | China is especially interested |
| Central Asia: Agriculture | -Soviets tried to irrigate for cotton, Top Crop: poppies/opium, Heroin production from growing poppies for export, supplies 90% of world's heroin |
| Central Asia: Development Indicators | -Illiteracy in Afghanistan is high especially for women, Life expentacy - 40's |
| Women in Afghanistan | -Before and after the Taliban, Elimintating schools and opportunities for jobs |
| Central Asian Issues | -War (Terror? Culture?), Taliban-type fundamentalism, Communism, How to deal with diversity and/or dissent?, At what scale governance? Tribal? |
| Central Asia: Economy | -Sustaining agriculture: drugs, cotton, grain, Role of petroleum, Water management |
| East Asia | -China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Taiwan |
| East Asia: Physical Setting | -Mountainous, 2 major rivers: Yangtze, Yellow (Huang He), Loess-soil redeposited from erosion, Tectonic Activity |
| Japan's Physical Geography | -Mountainous island chain at eastern edge of Eurasian Plate, many earthquakes |
| East Asia: Climate | -Coast subject to typhoons, influenced by mountains |
| East Asia: Environmental Issues | -Water management, deforestation, soil erosion, air pollution: world's worst? |
| Three Gorges Dam | -Largest hydroelectric project in the world, recently completed across Yangtze River in China, control flooding, "China's Sorrow" killed more than any other river in the world- 2 million in 1887 & 4 million in 1931, 1000 floods in 2000 years, generate electricity |
| Three Gorges Dam Concerns | -December 9, 2007: Displacement of many(1.5 mil?), destruction of historic artifacts, potential for disaster from earthquake. Notice also: Chinese music, poor air quality, terrain itslef(relatively steep). |
| East Asia: Soil Erosion | -Serious issue, mountainous, need for food terracing to minimize erosion |
| East Asia: Air Pollution-Worst in the World? | -Why?: Coal for electricity, command economy(remember: eastern Europe under communism) |
| East Asia: Population Indicators | -China highest population in the world, 2nd most populous: Japan, North Korea half as many as South Korea, Exceedingly low TRFs, China is still rural |
| East Asia: Important Population Statistics | -China has largest population in world (1.3 billion out of 6.8 billion), Japan has 127 million people (1/10 that of China), South Korea has twice as many people (48.5 million) as North Korea (23.5 million), taiwan has only 22.9 million (less than 2% of mainland China) |
| East Asia: Population | -Rapid urbanization, high population densities |
| Urbanization of China | -One of the world's oldest urban areas, still-only East Asian country that is primarily rural, today-rapid migration, Industrial Revolution? Economic? Social? Political? |
| Japanese Urbanization | -Superconurbations:massive urban area that results from coalescing of 2 or more formerly seperate cities, like megalopolis in U.S. |
| Tokyo, Japan | -World class financial center, one of the largest cities in the world, extrememly high population density, crowded, modern, clean, with Asian and Western influences |
| Cultural Coherence of East Asia | -Unified cultural region, 4,000 year old ancient Chinese civilization, Religious & Philosophical beliefs, Writing System: Ideographic writing-no alphabet, different from spoken languages |
| East Asia: Languages | -Mandarin: more speakers, Japanese, Korean, different languages imply different cultures |
| East Asia: Religions | -Buddhism(endless cycle of rebirths): Began in India, spread to East Asia, especially Tibet. Japanese Shinto: local garden shrines, Mt. Fuji sacred. Chinese Taoism(nature): Feng shui, design with spiritual harmony. East Asia one of the world's most secular regions, trend away from organized religion. Marxism(communism) after 1949, no religion. |
| East Asia: Geopolitical Issues | "The political history of East Asia revolves around the centrality of China and the ability of Japan to remain outside of China's grasp." Reunification of: Korean Peninsula, Mainland China and Taiwan |
| East Asia: 19th Century Influences | -Chinese empire peaked in 1700s, European influence(French, German, British, Portuguese) increased in 1800s, then Russian influence spread. By 1900, China was divided into seperate "spheres of influence'. Japan took over Taiwan in 1895, Korea in 1910,a nd Manchuria(NE China) in 1931. No European colonization. Sovereignty-you have control over your own country. |
| Communists vs. Nationalists | -Chinese Civil War: 1st half of the 20th Century: Communists led by Chairman Mao Zedong, Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek. Interrupted by Japanese attacks during WWII. 1949, Communists won. Nationalists retreated to Taiwan. Issue not yet resolved. There are still 2 Chinas. |
| East Asia: Post WWII Geopolitics | -Korean DMZ, Tibet, Cultural imperialism, cultural nationalism, cutural hybridization |
| East Asia: Recent European Colonies | -Hong Kong(British): Extremely prosperous capatilist enclave, reclaimed by China in 1997. Macao(Portuguese): Gambling refuge, returned to China in 1999. |
| Inside North Korea | Most repressive government in the world |
| Important Dates of Japan | 1950's: "Economic Miracle", exported cheap manufatured goods. By the 1980's: more sophisticated exports such as cars, electronics. 1990's: labor too expensive, relocated factories to other countries. World leader of much high-tech, robotics, optics. |
| Japanese Society | Loyal employees with strong work ethic. Japanese "live at the office and commute home". Less marriage and fewer children. Rural population is elderly. |
| Japan | Crowded, high costs, lacking amenties, low crime rate, high literacy, lack of extreme poverty. |
| Japan vs. United States | Use of space: Japanese have much less room per person because of high population denisty. High technology: some of the highest in the world: futuristic Japanese cars, mall fountain, Japanese robots. |
| East Asian Issues: China | Economic: Government controlled capitalism with increasing economic disparity? Political: Revolution? Human rights' violations(opressed in Tibet, NW China?). Taiwan's relationship with China. |
| East Asian Issues: Korea | Reunification, Human Rights, food, medical care, Nuclear weapons |
| East Asian Issues: Japan | Relations with rest of East Asia, Demographics: aging population, fewer children. Role of Japanese and U.S. military |
| South Asia | India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Distinct landmass seperated from the rest of Eurasia: "The Subcontinent". Shared by British colonial history. |
| South Asia: Physical Setting | Indo-Australian plate crashing into the Eurasian plate. Ganges river delta: largest delta in the world, very fertile soild, prone to cyclones(hurricanes) and extreme flooding, heavily populated. |
| South Asia: Physical Subregions | Himalaya Mountains: Highest in the world, Mount Everest(growing). Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands. Peninsular India dominated by Deccan Plateau. Southern islands: Sri Lanka & Maldives. |
| South Asia: Climate-Monsoonal | Tropical and sub-tropical except for mountains. Monsoon: seasonal change in wind direction that causes wet and dry periods. Orographic rainfall: caused by uplifting and cooling of moist air over mountains |
| South Asian Monsoon | Low pressure in summer attracts moist air from Indian Ocean, rainy season. High pressure in north in winter brings dry air south, dry season. |
| South Asia: Environmental Issues | Flooding, Green Revolution, deforestation, desertification(like Sub-Saharan Africa), "water is the biggest issue here" |
| South Asia: Plenty of Water | Just not enough freshwater that is unpolluted where it is needed. 40% of world's population experiences water shortages. India is one of those places. |
| South Asia: More Environmental Issues | Cyclones: what we call a hurricane. Flooding along the Ganges River |
| South Asia: Population & Settlement | Second most populous region in the world. Population density in Bangladesh among highest in the world. |
| South Asia: Population Indicators | South Asia will soon surpass East Asia as the world's most populated region. Pakistan and Bangladesh among world's 10 most populous countries. India and Bangladesh's TFR cut in half last 50 years; but still high, esp. Pakistan. South Asia one of the least urbanized regions in the world. Only 1/4 in cities agriculture. Subsistence crops: rice(east), wheat(NW), millet(central). |
| South Asia: Products for Export | Oil seeds, coconut groves, spice gardens, tea plantaions |
| South Asia: Livestock | Most Hindus are vegetarians, milk for protein, plowing and pulling carts. |
| The Green Revolution | 1960s: mass starvation predicted for India. 1970: Norman Borlaug, Nobel Peace Prize. High yield crop varities. Move toward food self-sufficiency. |
| Urban South Asia: Mumbai | Really crowded poverty alongside wealth. Largest city in S Asia (20 million) foreign trade. |
| South Asia: Cultural Coherence and Diversity | Early unity: Hinduism. Islam: Added diversity to cultural landscape. Bristish Colonialism: English language widespread, passion for sport of cricket, engineering railroads and dams, world's largest rail network and India's largest employer. Since 1980s: Spread of Islam, growing of Hindu nationalism, culturally coherent? no way... |
| South Asia: Religious Diversity | Hindu: India and Nepal. Islam: Pakistan and Bangladesh, 400 million in region. Sikhs: NW Indian state of Punjab. Buddhist: Sri Lanka and in Himalayas. Taj Mahal. |
| South Asia: Taj Mahal | Constructed in 1600s in Agra, India. Entombs 3rd wife of Emperor. One of the Seven Wonders of the World. Muslim architecture, gardens, amd mosque. Most visited site in Hindu India. World Heritage Site. |
| South Asia: The Cast System | Complex Hindu social order, "Social pollution," even "visual pollution", changing. |
| 5 Levels of Hindu Society | 3 Elite Classes: Hindu Priests, Warrior or Princly caste. 1 Common Caste: Majority of India's popultion, defined by pccupation such as peasant farming, barbers, potters. Untouchables or "dalits": Unclean occupations such as leather workers, scavengers, latrine cleaners, and swine herders. Unseeable: Visual pollution, had to hide. Not allowed into temples; convert to other religions. |
| Caste System | Pyramid shaped. Job, spouse, even diet determined by class. |
| Sikhism | Arose from tension between Muslims and Hindus in 1400s. Punjab, between India and Pakistan. Don't cut hair or beards. Use turbans. Persecuted and became warriors. 1984, assassinated Prime Minister Indira Ghandi. |
| South Asia: Linguistic Diversity | Indo-European languages for most. Hindi is widely spoken. Dravidian: unique to south India. Tibeto-Burman in NE part of the region. English because of colonization. Pakistan tied to Iran. |
| South Asia: Geopolitical Change | 1500's until early 1700's: Mughal Empire(Muslim). British East India Trading Company in mid 1700's. 1856: became British Colony. 1947: Britain withdrew from South Asia. |
| The British Partition (1947) | Britain withdrew leaving India and divided Pakistan. Hindu and Muslim majorities, respectively. Result of Partition: brutality. Hundreds of thousands massacred. Millions displaced. Pakistan split (1971): Bangladesh-East, Pakistan-West. |
| South Asia: Geopolitical Issues | Kashmir: severe religious conflict and disputed claim between India and Pakistan. Punjab: Sikh automony(self-rule). In NE: conflict with Bangladeshi immigrants. |
| Pakistan in War on Terror | Pre-9/11, supported Taliban. Some terrorists trained in Pakistani madrasas. US used iplomatic and economic incentives to enlist Pakistan as ally in War on Terror. Tribes in western part of country violently disagree and actively support Taliban. Refuge for Osama bin Laden. Top scientist transferred nuclear technology to North Korea, Iran, and Libya. 2008 Mumbai terror attack by Pakistanis. |
| South Asia: Economy | Region of striking contrasts: World's poorest region (along with Sub-Saharan Afric), but immense with welth. High technology (and East Asia), but high illiteracy. |
| Staggering Problems in Urban S Asia | Homelessness, squatter settlements called bustees, poverty: high in India, higher in Bangladesh, congestion, clean water shortages, sewage. |
| South Asia: Economic Differentiation | Mumbai stock exchange, child labor hauling waste |
| Micro Loans to Women | Micro loan projects in Southern India |
| South Asia: Social Development | Medical care? Female Illiteracy? Along with Haiti. |
| South Asian Issues | Pakistan's role as training ground and safe haven in global terrorism. Strong hostilities between 2 countries with nuclear weapons. Population growth. Widespread, gut-wrenching poverty. Caste system, human rights, equal opportunities, religious tolerance? |
| South East Asia | Two Subregions: Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia. 11 countries; 10 of which are i the Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN). Formerly known as Indochina. Highlights influence of India and China. |
| South East Asia: Physical Setting | Plate boundaries indicate high amounts of tectonic activity (earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis). Typhoons plus deforestation equal mudslides. |
| South East Asia: Climate | Humid tropical, seasonal rainfall and equatorial indicators |
| South East Asia: Natural Hazards | Volcanic eruption in the Philippines, typhoon damage in the Philippines, tsunami. |
| South East Asia: Environmental Issues | Deforestation, logging, indigenous farming, soil deposition, smoke. Global warming? If sea level rises, islands (and coastlines) may become submerged. |
| South East Asia: Deforestation | Export-orientated logging, denuded landscapes, damaged watersheds, reduced biodiversity, national parks and protected areas. |
| South East Asia: Air Pollution | Urban smog plus smoke, affecting tourism, drought caused natural forest firs, logging brings human-induced forest fires, rapidly growing cities with increasing numbers of vehicles and manufacturing. |
| South East Asia: Population and Settlement | Just over 500 million people. Island of Java: Some of world's highest rural population densities. Islands if Borneo and New Guinea (several countries) have low population densities. |
| South East Asia: Population Indicators | Only 40% live in cities. Indonesia largest, then Philippines and Vietnam (largest mainland population). In Singapore, government pays bonuses for 3rd or 4th child-extremely low TFR. Largest-Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines. |
| Which Regions of the World are Still Predominately Rural? | East Asia |
| South East Asia: Contrasting Settlement Patterns | Transmigration-within the country-to rural Indonesia. Bangkok has some of the worst traffic in the world. |
| Governments that Encourage Transmigration | Russia, China, Brazil, East Asia |
| South East Asia: Primate Cities | Manila, Philippines - More than half city's population lives in squatter settlements, "Chinatown". Bangkok, Thailand - Metro area is 25 times larger than Thailand's next largest city, "Local etiquette". |
| South East Asia: Cultural Coherence and Diversity | South Asian, Chinese, Islamic influences |
| South East Asia: Linguistic Diversity | No unifying language |
| South East Asia: Religious Diversity | Indonesia (colonized by Dutch): most populous Muslim country in world (225 million). Buddhism dominates mainland. Animism in lesser populated highland areas. Christianity in Philippines (used to be colonized by Spain-dominant religion-Catholic). |
| South East Asia: Geopolitical | European colonialism with strong Asian imperialist imprint. More recent US imprint in Philippines and Vietnam. Pirates in Straits of Malacca. Religious tensions. Ethnic tensions between indigenous peoples and Asian migrants. |
| South East Asia: European Colonialism | Netherlands, France, Britain, Spain, Portugal. Thailand has never been colonized. |
| Conflicts in Burma | Ethnic violence: Burmese vs. ethnic minorities, financed by drug money. Serious political oppression from military regime. Monks protested and were slaughtered. During 2008 cyclone, government let thousands die rather than allow relief workers into country. |
| South East Asia: Economic Development | Singapore's economy is strong. Thailand has one of the largest sex industries in the world. |
| Singapore-Regional Hub | 1965: Gained independence from Malaysia, but was impoverished. Now: an economic miracle. Extremely densely populated, most modern and efficient city in the world, very strict laws. |
| South East Asian Issues | Human rights, Burma (Myanmar) massacres, Khmer Rouge: Cambodians forced out of cities. 2 million died 30 years ago. Exploitation of women. Governance, Communism vs. Democracy, economic relationships with China. Which side in War on Terror? |
| Australia and Oceania | Dominated by Pacific Ocean. Shared indigenous (people who first occupied a place) and colonial history (does not have colonial past). |
| Australia: Physical Setting | Many isolated tropical islands, one southern hemisphere continent with a desert interior, one glaciated country (New Zealand). |
| Physical Landscapes: New Zealand | Extraordinary flora and fauna because of island isolation. 85% native plants found nowhere else on earth. Two large islands and many small ones. Volcanic and geothermal features. |
| Australia: Climate | Varied-tropical, desert, highland. Equatorial and Southern Hemisphere. |
| Australia: Environmental Issues | Non-native species invasion, deforestation, desertification and water supply in Australia, mining, sea level rise. |
| Australia: Population | 33 million people. 20 million people in Australia, largest city Sydney (4 million). Oceania, most population is not urban. |
| Australia: Demographic Indicators | Australia highest population, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand. High Total Fertility Rates - "Carrying Capacity" of small islands low (cannot sustain themselves). |
| Australia: Settlement Patterns - Historical | From mainland Asia, gradually moved SE. Indigenous peoples; Australia-Aborigine. New Zealand-Maori |
| Sydney, Australia | Largest city in Oceania, site of 2000 Olympics, spectacular natural harbor, Sydney Opera House: Iconic architecture |
| Different form Caribbean | In the South Pacific, European influence is predominately British and French. Indigenous culture still vibrate and influential. |
| Australia: Geopolitical Framework | European colonization during late 1800s. Sovereignty redistribution after Spanish-American War, WWI, and WWII. Australia and New Zealand exert major influence. France still involved. |
| Australia: Economy | Australian and New Zealand agriculture. Export of raw materials. Mining: Australia is world's largest exporter of iron and coal (different from Caribbean). Logging and fisheries. Tourism (Milford Track in New Zealand) |
| New Zealand | Before EU, exported butter and wool to Great Britain, but now can't. Used to be known for high taxes, lots of social welfare, government ownership of large companies. 1980s: Recession, then drastic reform. Privatization: change from government to private ownership. Now, one of the most market-orientated countries in the world. |
| Google Earth | SW of Alice Springs, Australia: Ayers Rock. Newman, Australia: Open pit mine. Nauru: Phosphate mining. Bkini: Nuclear tests. Bora Bora: Tropical paradise. |
| Australia and Oceania Issues | Tensions between indigenous peoples and later settlers (economic opportunities and land claims). Australian water supple (taking their water to make wine and selling it). Small islands: water supple, extractive economies, recycling and trash disposal, sea level rise. Invasive species. |
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