Small Animal Med Final
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59 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 How are dogs infected with Leishmania infantum? | Flagellated promastigotes develop within the Phlebotomus (sand fly) - promastigotes engulfed by macrophages and disseminated throughout the body causing granulomatous infections |
| What are 2 disease states of Leishmaniasis? | Asymptomatic and Chronic disease (weeks - months to develop clinical signs) |
| What clinical signs are seen with the chronic states of Leishmaniasis? | Sebborheic skin, weight loss, abdominal distension, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, Polyarthritis, uveitis, PU/PD |
| List lab abnormalities of Leishmaniasis | Hyperproteinemia (inc gamma globulins), Anemia of chronic disease, Thrombocytopenia, Renal failure, Supporative polyarthritis |
| How would you diagnose Leishmaniasis? | Demonstrate organism in macrophages, free blood aspirates Serology/PCR Culture |
| How do you treat Leishmaniasis? | Allopurinal with Antimony; Liposomal amphotericin B; Insect & vector control |
| What are the target organs of disease for Leishmaniasis? | Renal, HL, MS, Skin |
| What agent causes canine borreliosis? | 4 genomic groups of B. burgdorferi sensu lato |
| How is borreliosis transmitted in the dog? | Ixodes scapularis and pacificus attach for at least 48 hrs -- multiplication of spirochetes in the skin -- dissemination/replication through tissues and blood |
| What clinical signs are seen with infection of borrelia? | Early: fever, anorexia, arthropathy, lymphadenopathy Acute progressive renal failure: proteinuria, glomerulonephritis Cardiac signs are rare: bradycardia and heart block |
| How do you diagnose borrelia infection in the dog? | Clinical signs: fever, lameness 1+ joints, acute onset Positive C6 test and ELISA Quantitative test Western blot and IFA |
| How would you treat a Lyme infection? | Antibiotics for 30d: Amoxicillin, Doxy, Cefitriaxone, Azithromycin Anti-inflammatories for arthropathy -careful with NSAIDs Renal failure tx: Diet, ACE inhibitors, PO4 binder Immunosuppressive therapy to decrease immune-complexes |
| How can you prevent lyme infections? | Tick repellants and patrols Vaccination (2-3 in series, booster yearly) |
| What are the target systems of a lyme infection? | MS, Renal, Cardiac, GI |
| What agent causes canine hepatozoonosis? | H. americanum and H. canis |
| How is hepatozoonosis transmitted? | Amblomma maculatum ingests organism during a blood meal from an infected host and develops oocyts -- Dog ingests the infected tick -- Sporozoites released into the dogs tissues causing a pyogranulomatous infection |
| What disease states are seen with hepatozoonisis? | Chronic |
| What clinical signs are seen with hepatozoonosis? | fever and inappetance, Acute (bloody) diarrhea, Weight loss, muscle pain, lameness/bone pain, hyperesthesia over spinal regions of the body |
| What lab findings are expected with hepatozoonisis infections? | Panosteitis on radiographs; Non-regenerative ACD; Leukocytosis with L shift (neutrophilia); Hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia; PL-nephropathy and renal failure from chronic antigenic stimulation |
| How do you diagnose hepatozoonosis? | Demonstrate organism in buffy coat and skeletal muscle biopsy; ELISA; PCR |
| How do you treat hepatozoonosis infections? | No therapeutic regimen (alleviate pain only); Daily Decoquinate to reduce relapses; Toltrazuril; Anti-inflammatories; Tick control; TMPS/Clindamycin/Pyriemthamie for 14d in acute stage |
| How long are dogs expected to live with hepatozoonosis infections? | 2 yrs |
| What should you not use to treat hepatozoonosis infections? | Glucocorticoids |
| What are the target organs of a hepatozoonosis infection? | MS, GI |
| What is the agent that causes cytauxzoonosis infections? | Cytauxzoon felis |
| What is the primary reservoir and vector of C. felis? | Bobcat is the primary reservoir; Agent transmitted by Dermacentor variablilis |
| What stage of disease characterizes a Cytauzoonosis infection? | Acute and usually fatal |
| How is cytauxzoonosis transmitted? | Tick contains an intraerythrocytic parasite which releases merozoites infecting RBCs causing a hemolytic crisis |
| What clinical signs are expected with Cytauxzoonosis infection? | Acute onset, pale MM, fever, respiratory distress, icterus, anorexia, hepatosplenomegaly |
| What lab findings are expected with C. felis infection? | Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, icterus, coagulation disorder |
| How would you diagnose an infection of C. felis? | Demonstrate organism in blood smear (schizonts in macrophages and attached to endothelial vessels) |
| How would you treat an infection of C. felis? | Supportive therapy (fluids, blood transfusions, heparin to prevent DIC), Imidocarb or Diminazene (2 doses, 2 wks apart), Fluoroquinolone or Doxycycline; Vector control |
| What is the prognosis of a C. felis infection? | Poor- Grave |
| What are the target organs of C. felis infection? | HL, Resp, GI |
| What agents cause hemobartonella/mycoplasma infections? | H. felis and H. canis |
| How is a hemobartonella infection transmitted? | blood transmissions from bite wounds/fleas/ticks (?) |
| What risk factors are associated with hemobartonella infections in cats? | Male, young, outdoor, Springtime |
| What disease states are expected with hemobartonella infections? | Asymptomatic, Acute, Chronic, Carrier |
| What laboratory findings are expected in cats with hemobartonella infections? | Extravascular hemolytic disease (regenerative anemia, Coombs +, splenomegaly, icterus, bilirubinuria, inflammatory leukogram |
| How would you diagnose an infection of hemobartonella? | Demonstration of organism on peripheral blood smear (dont put in EDTA), PCR and response to treatment |
| How would you treat hemobartonellosis? | Supportive (fluids, blood if severely anemic); Antibacterials (Tetracycline, Doxy, Chlorampenicol, Enrofloxacin); Glucocorticoids for treatment of immune-complex formation; control ectoparasites |
| What are the target organs of hemobartonella infections? | HL |
| What is another name for hemobartonella/mycoplasma infections? | Feline infectious anemia |
| What agent transmits RMSF? | Rickettsia rickettsi |
| How is RMSF transmitted? | Transovarian and tick bites of 3-6 hrs (D. variabilis and D. andersoni) causing systemic vasculitis |
| What time of year are RMSF infections predominant? | April - Sept in SE states |
| What disease state is expected with RMSF infections? | Acute disease with <10d presentation |
| What clinical signs are expected with RMSF infections? | RESP (tachypnea, dyspnea); RENAL; HL (hemorrhage, edema, necrosis of extremities, DIC); CNS (vestibular, seizures); Other (polyarthritis,fever) |
| What are expected lab findings with RMSF? | leukocytosis (neutrophilia), thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, azotemia, inflam sediment (low protein, sodium, calcium; increased liver enzymes) |
| How would you diagnose a RMSF infection? | Serology (4x titer rise); Direct IFA or IHC; PCR |
| How would you treat a RMSF infection? | Supportive care (GI fluid and electrolyte losses, renal disease, DIC, anemia); Tetracycline/Doxycycline/Chlorampenicol/Enrofloxacin; Tick control |
| What does life-long immunity mean in RMSF? | No reoccurence possible |
| What risk factors are associated with Leptospirosis? | intact male, middle-aged, herding dog, summer-early fall |
| What stages of disease are associated with leptospirosis infections? | Acute to subacute stages |
| What clinical signs are expected with leptospirosis infections? | GI (vomit/diarrhea); Renal (anuria/oliguria/enlarged kidneys/discolored urine); Resp distress; Ant uveitis "red eye"; CNS (meningeal pain); Myalgia; hemorrhage |
| What lab findings are associated with Leptospirosis infections? | Leukocytosis with no L shift; thrombocytpenia, anemia, inc liver enzymes, Azotemia (isos/hyposthenuria); inflam sediment; CK increases |
| How would you diagnose lepto infections? | Serology seroconversion; MAT, Culture urine, PCR, histopath (silver stains and flur Ab test) |
| How would you treat lepto infections? | Fluid therapy, Abs [Pen/Amp + Doxy/Macro], Vaccination |
| What are the target organs of lepto infections? | Renal, HL, GI, MS, Cardiac |
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