1.
(evapo)transpiration: process in which water evaporates from the inside of leaves to the outside through stomata
2.
angiosperm: anthophyta; flowering plant; plants whose seeds are part of
fruits
3.
apical meristem: meristematic tissues at the tips of roots and stems, which produce cells that result in an increase in length
4.
C4 photosynthesis: close the stomata for part of the day; an enzyme takes a "big gasp" of CO2 while stomata is open
5.
Calvin cycle: light-independent reactions during phase two of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules as glucose.
6.
CAM photosynthesis: only opens stomata at night. very low water loss.
7.
chlorophyll: green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
8.
chloroplast: an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
9.
cone: feature that contains male or female reproductive structures of cycads and other gymnosperms. the small male ones produce pollen. larger female ones remain on the plants until the seeds have matured.
10.
conifer: coniferophyta; vascular seed plant; has a waxlike coating called cutin that covers conifer needlelike or scalelike leaves and reduces water loss
11.
cork cambium: meristematic tissue that produces cells with tough cell walls that form the protective outside layer on stems and roots.
12.
cotyledon: seed structure that stores food or helps absorb food for the sporophyte of vascular seed plants.
13.
cuticle: waxy coating on the top of the leaf that prevents water from evaporating
14.
fern: seedless vascular plant; any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward
15.
fruit: the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant; a product of a tree that can be eaten but also contains seed
16.
gamete: a haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis, that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce a diploid fertilized egg.
17.
gametophyte: the gamete-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant
18.
guard cells: one of a pair of cells that function in the opening and closing of a plant's stomata by changes in their shape; two cells that form a stoma.
19.
gymnosperm: naked seeds; have no fruit around them, but they do have a seed coat
20.
intercalary meristem: produces new cells that result in an increase in stem or leaf length.
21.
lateral meristem: Increases in root and stem diameters result from secondary growth produced by two types this; vascular and cork cambium
22.
light reactions: the steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to chemical energy
23.
lower epidermis: contains stomata
24.
meristem: apical, intercalary, lateral; regions of rapidly dividing cells made up of meristematic tissues; produces cells that can develop into many different types of plant cells.
25.
moss: bryophyte; produce rootlike, multicellular rhizoids that anchor them to soil or another surface; nonvascular; have
structures that are similar to leaves. their photosynthetic, leaflike structures usually consist of a layer of cells that is only one cell thick.
26.
nonvascular plant: type of plant that lacks vascular tissues, moves substances slowly from cell to cell by osmosis and diffusion, and grows only in a damp environment. they need water to reproduce because their gametes swim. they are usually very small in size.
27.
palisade mesophyll: site of photosynthesis; long and skinny to allow light to pass through
28.
petal: colorful flower structure that attracts pollinators and provides them a landing place
29.
petiole: stalk that connects a plant's blade to the stem.
30.
phloem: vascular tissue that transports water and sugar. it flows in both directions.
31.
photosynthesis: two-phase anabolic pathway in which the Sun's light energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell.
32.
pistil: flower's female reproductive structure; it is usually composed of a stigma, a style, and an ovary.
33.
pollen: the fine spores that contain male gametes and that are borne by an anther in a flowering plant
34.
pollination: when a pollen grain from one species of seed plants lands
on the female reproductive structure of a plant of the same species
35.
root cap: layer of parenchyma cells that covers the root tip and helps protect root tissues during growth.
36.
seed: adaptive reproductive structure of some vascular plants that contains an embryo, nutrients for the embryo, and is covered by a protective coat.
37.
seedless vascular plants: vascular plants that do not produce seeds
38.
sorus: fern structure formed by clusters of sporangia, usually on the undersides of a frond (the leaf or leaflike part of a palm, fern, or similar plant).
39.
spongy mesophyll: contains vascular bundles/ veins; contains lots of air space- absorbs air
40.
sporangium: where fern spores form.
41.
spore: reproductive haploid (n) cell with a hard outer shell that forms a new organism without the fusion of gametes and is produced in the asexual and sexual life cycles of most fungi and some other organisms.
42.
sporophyte: structure that produces spores, the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant
43.
stamen: male reproductive organ of most flowers composed of a filament and an anther.
44.
stoma(ta): openings in the outer cell layer of leaf surfaces and some stems that allow the exchange of water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and other gases between a plant and its environment.
45.
stroma: thick fluid contained in the inner membrane of a chloroplast (like cytoplasm in cells)
46.
thylakoid: a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy
47.
upper epidermis: top layer of cells (skin) of a leaf; protects cells underneath
48.
vascular cambium: thin cylinder of meristematic tissue that produces new transport cells.
49.
vascular plant: type of plant with vascular tissues adapted to land environments; most widely distributed type of plant on Earth.
50.
vascular tissue: specialized tissue that transports water, food, and other substances in vascular plants and can also provide structure and support.
51.
vegetative reproduction: asexual reproduction in which new plants grow from parts of an existing plant
52.
xylem: vascular tissue that transports water and inorganic nutrients. it flows up from the ground and uses transpiration.
