|
 Piaget's Cognitive-Development Theory | Sensory Motor: schema assimilation and accommodation; circular reaction; object permanence. Preoperational: egocentrism; animism; artificialism. Concrete: operational-reversibility; conservative problems. Formal: operational-personal fable. |
| Kohlberg's Moral Judgment | Preconventional: good and bad; right and wrong. Conventional: social rules; follow the law. Postconventional: universal principles |
| Erickson's Psychosocial Development | INFANCY: Trust vs. mistrust; Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. CHILDHOOD: Initiative vs. guilt; Industry vs. territory. ADOLESCENCE: Identity vs. role confusion. ADULTHOOD: Intimacy vs. isolation; Generality vs. stagnation; Ego integrity vs. despair |
| Kubler-Ross' Stages of Death | a) Denial. b) Anger. c) Bargaining. d) Depression. e) Acceptance. |
| Weber's Law | just noticeable difference |
| Young-Helmholtz Color Theory (trichromatic theory) | color determined by the relative activity in red, blue, or green sensitive cones. |
| Opponent-Process Color Theory | color information is organized into 3 antagonistic pairs |
| Place Theory | relates perceived pitch to region |
| Frequency Theory | related pitch to the frequency of sound waves and frequency of neuron firing |
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis | sensations from the face provide cues to the brain that help us determine what emotion we are feeling (Ekman) |
| Statistical Hypothesis | .05 chance accounts for results less than 5% of the time |
| Template-Matching Theory | stored copies |
| Prototype-Matching Theory | recognition involves comparison |
| Feature-Analysis Theory | patterns are represented and recognized by distinctive features |
| Restorative Theory | we sleep in order to replenish |
| Adaptive Non-responding Theory | sleep and inactivity have survival value. |
| Activation-Synthesis hypothesis | dreams are products of spontaneous neural activity |
| Thorndike's Law of Effect | reward and punishment encourages and discourages responding |
| Premack Principle | states that any high-probability behavior can be used as a reward for any low-probability behavior |
| Continuity vs. Discontinuity | theories of development, nature vs. nurture |
| Serial Position Phenomenon | sequence influences recall |
| Primacy Effect | enhanced memory for items presented earlier |
| Recency Effect | enhanced memory for items presented last |
| Atkinson-Shiffrins 3 Stage Processing Model of Memory | sensory --> short term memory --> long term memory |
| Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis | person's language determines and limits a persons experiences |
| Hull's Drive-Reduction Model | motivation arises out of need |
| Cognitive Consistency Theory | cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the organism |
| Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory | reconcile cognitive discrepancies |
| Arousal Theories | we all have optimal levels of stimulation that we try to maintain |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | arousal will increase performances up to a point, then further increases will impair performance; inverted U function |
| Incentive Theory | behavior is pulled rather than pushed |
| James-Lange Theory | emotion is caused by simultaneous changing bodily events, thoughts, and feelings |
| Schachter's Cognitive-Physiological Theory | bodily changes, current stimuli, events, and memories combine to determine behavior. |
| Attribution Theory | explains how people make inferences about the causes of behavior; personal or situational; self-serving bias |
| Deindividuation | loss of self-restraint that occurs out of anonymity |
| Contact Theory | proposes that equal-status contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and bring harmony |
| Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | emergency reaction to stressful situations; alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion (ARE bad) |
| Lazarus's Cognitive-Psychological Model | emphasizes the process of appraisal (primary and secondary) as the primary determinant of stress |
| Twin Studies | allows a researcher to test influence of heredity vs. environment |
| Personal Construct Theory | unique system of reality |
| Deinstitutionalization | occurred because of changes in political policy and development of new drug therapies |
| Ainsworth's Strange Situation | looked at attachment in young children to their parents |