1.
____ is an influence of recent experience on behavior, even if one does not recognize that influence: implicit memory
2.
____ prepares the uterus for pregnancy: Progesterone
3.
"All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning" defines: equipotentiality
4.
A startle reflex occurs in response to: an unexpected loud noise.
5.
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, we experience physiological changes first and then label these changes as an emotion: True
6.
According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion: after we experience autonomic arousal
7.
Activating Effects: In adulthood, sex hormones exert activating effects to temporarily modify behavior. Changes in hormone levels can alter sexual behavior, less dependent than animals.
8.
Activity in the left hemisphere is associated with: behavioral activation
9.
After a loud noise, information travels from the medulla to the ____, and then to the neck muscles: pons
10.
Agraphia: Inability to write. Damage to angular gyrus: associates visual stimuli with linguistic symbols
11.
Alexia: Inability to read, Dissociation of visual centers from language center.
12.
Alzheimer's disease: Partial genetic basis, results in excess proteins amyloid-B and tau protein, damaging neurons
Damaged axons and cell bodies cluster in plaques and tangles.
Symptoms; Progressive memory loss, esp. explicit/declarative memories
13.
Alzheimer's is associated with brain damage as a result of: tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
14.
Alzheimer's leads to the accumulation of ____ in the brain: amyloid deposits
15.
amygdala: Damage to the ________ interferes with appropriate fear responses
16.
An organizing effect differs from an activating effect of a hormone in that an organizing effect:: produces more long-lasting effects
17.
Androgen insensitivity: Causes XY males to have under-developed male genitals or apparently female external genitals. Caused by lack of testosterone receptors that enable the "gene-activation" effects of the hormone
18.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome leads to a genetic male with a female external appearance of the genitals: True
19.
Androgens: "male" hormones e.g. testosterone. Both sexes have both sex hormones in varying quantities
20.
Anterograde Amnesia: unable to create short term memories after the event.
21.
Apoptosis: Sex hormones increase or decrease the rate of apoptosis in various regions of the brain
22.
At many hippocampal synapses, long-term potentiation depends on the activation of which type of receptor: NMDA
23.
Attack and Escape Behaviors: Attack and escape behaviors are closely related physiologically and behaviorally. Corresponding behaviors are anger and fear. Triggered by pain or threatening stimuli
Associated with increased activity in amygdala
Hormones also influence aggressive behavior.
Male aggressive behavior is influenced by the hormone testosterone.
24.
Behavioral Activation System: Left hemisphere is associated with it. low to moderate arousal autonomic arousal. Happiness and anger
25.
Behavioral and anatomical differences between hetero- and homosexual persons: Length of bones in the arms, legs and hands. Brain hemisphere development
Use of landmarks versus cardinal directions to give directions
26.
Behavioral Inhibition System: Right hemisphere is associated with it. Increases attention and arousal, Inhibits action, Fear and disgust. Damage to right temporal lobe impairs ability to recognize emotions in others
27.
Benzodiazepines: are a common class of anti-anxiety drugs. Bind to GABA receptors and facilitate its effects
28.
Benzodiazepines relieve anxiety by ____ transmission at ____ synapses: facilitating; GABA
29.
Birth control pills: prevent pregnancy by interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and pituitary.
30.
Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by: interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary.
31.
Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by:: interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary
32.
Brain differences associated with handedness: Left hemisphere is dominant for speech in 95% of right-handers
Left-handers are more variable wrt speech and hemispheric dominance
33.
Broca's aphasia: Agrammatic speech
34.
Broca's area: in the left frontal lobe near the motor cortex. Damage results Broca's aphasia, Agrammatic speech
35.
Cholecystokinin (CCK): is hormone that excites the amygdala, increasing anxiety/fear
36.
Common Sense Theory: we feel an emotion and the body (autonomic nervous system) responds appropriately
37.
Compared to young adults, aging humans with poor working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex and aging humans with intact working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex: decreased, increased
38.
Conduction aphasia: If the connection is severed between Wernicke's area and Broca's area. S's can understand and produce speech. Cannot repeat verbatim speech they have heard
39.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): Adrenal glands are overstimulated, resulting in very high testosterone levels. Female fetus becomes masculinized. Genetic females with ____ show masculinized behavior and toy preference during childhood and adolescence
40.
Conscious vs. Unconscious attention: Information we are aware of vs. not aware of.
41.
Contralateral connections: Each hemisphere is connected to the contralateral (opposite) side of the body. Sensory receptors and motor neurons on the right side of the body are connected to the left hemisphere
42.
Criteria for language: Semanticity: symbols have meaning. Grammar: rules for ordering symbols. Productivity: ability to combine symbols in new ways to represent new ideas
43.
Damage to the ____ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff's syndrome: prefrontal cortex
44.
Damage to the amygdala impairs: responding to fears
45.
Damage to the inferior part of the right parietal cortex: leads to the neglect of everything to the left of their own body.
46.
Damage to the superior temporal cortex: neglect the left side of objects, regardless of location.
47.
Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory is termed: explicit memory
48.
Difference Between endocrine and nervous system: Nervous system is good for fast messages. But communication is one-on-one at the level of the synapse. The Endocrine system is slower but better for widespread communication throughout the body. Uses hormones for communication
49.
Donald Hebb (1949) distinguished between two types of memory and he called them: short-term and long-term
50.
Dopamine stimulation of certain receptors facilitates:: erection of the penis, orgasm, sexual arousal
51.
Drugs that reduce testosterone levels in males will most likely reduce their sexual behavior: True
52.
Dyslexia: is a specific impairment of reading. Associated with phonetic problems. Not associated with letter reversals. Associated with sequencing sounds
53.
Emotional situations: Arouse the autonomic nervous system. Situations can evoke varying responses from sympathetic and parasympathetic sub-systems
54.
Emotions are important for decision making: True
55.
engram: is theorized to be a physical representation of a memory
56.
Equipotentiality: all cortical areas contribute equally to learning, concluded through removing chunks of rat cortex.
57.
Estrogens: "female" hormones e.g. estradiol and progesterone. Both sexes have both sex hormones in varying quantities
58.
Estrogens are present only in females:: False
59.
Evolutionary explanations on sexual behaviors: Males prefer multiple partners to increase chance of genes being passed on to next generation. Females prefer a healthy partner with strong earning potential to increase the chances of fertilization and then survival of offspring
60.
Explicit memory: deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory. Includes declarative and episodic memory
61.
Findings from people with pure autonomic failure suggest that: autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion.
62.
Follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the: anterior pituitary
63.
Following damage to the hippocampus and neighboring areas, the patient HM experienced: difficulty forming new long term memories
64.
Function of Emotion: Adaptive value (fear leads to escape, anger lead to attack, etc.). Enabling quick decisions
. Moral decisions
65.
GABA: is a neurotransmitter that inhibits the amygdala, decreasing anxiety/fear
66.
GABA and glutamate: ___________ is then able to excite the NMDA receptors, opening a channel for calcium ions to enter the neuron. LTP depends on changes in ___________ and ____ in the postsynaptic neuron. Esp. the ionotropic ___________ receptors
67.
Gender identity: refers to how we identify sexually and what we call ourselves.
68.
Gender identity can be defined as: the sex one identifies with and calls oneself.
69.
Girls with CAH are more likely to participate in "tomboyish" activities: True
70.
Glutamate receptors: AMPA, NMDA: Repeated glutamate excitation of _____ receptors depolarizes the membrane. The depolarization removes magnesium ions that had been blocking _____ receptors. Glutamate is then able to excite the _____ receptors, opening a channel for calcium ions to enter the neuron.
Entry of calcium through the _____ channel activates a protein that sets in motion a series of events.
71.
Habituation: decreased (reflexive) responding to constant stimulation. __________ occurs in the synapse between the sensory and motor neurons
72.
Handedness: is preference for using one side of the body over the other. Increased dexterity in preferred hand. ~90% of population is right-handed
73.
Hebb's Law: Neurons that fire together wire together. "When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased." The neurons are potentiated to respond more easily in the future
74.
High levels of estrogen and progesterone will prevent ovulation: True
75.
Hippocampus: Is another major memory center in the brain. Subcortical (inside the medial temporal lobe) structure of the limbic system. Damage results in both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
76.
HM was able to learn and remember: skills like mazes and puzzles
77.
HM was unable to form any kind of new memories after his surgery: False
78.
Hormones: do not cause behavior, alter activity in brain areas to change the responses to certain stimuli. change sensitivity in the genitals. Increase sensitivity of pudendal nerve
79.
Hormones are capable of inducing long-lasting changes throughout the body: True
80.
Implicit memory: the influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory. Includes memory for learned skills (procedural memory)
81.
In mammals, whether the anatomy develops in the male or female pattern depends: mostly upon the presence of testosterone
82.
In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits, learning was found to depend on one nucleus of the: cerebellum
83.
Inattentional blindness: Of all that your eyes see, you are conscious of only a few things to which you direct your attention. While observing a complex scene, you will not notice if something changes slowly
84.
Increased fear, anxiety, or panic is related to increased activity of ____ and decreased activity of ____: CCK; GABA
85.
Individuals with pure autonomic failure: have diminished intensity of emotion, but still report cognitive aspects of it.
86.
Intersexes: are people that have anatomies intermediate between male or female
87.
It is believed that Hebbian synapses may be critical for: associative learning
88.
It is hoped that long-term potentiation (LTP) will help to explain: learning and memory
89.
James-Lange theory of emotion: Situation leads to immediate cognitive appraisal, Followed by autonomic arousal, Emotional feeling occurs last. The emotion is the label that we give to the physiological response
90.
JLT Problems: People with a weak autonomic response should feel less emotion. S's with spinal damage show normal emotions. S's with pure autonomic failure show normal emotions but they lack intensity/feeling. Manipulating or increasing an autonomic response should lead to emotion. Facial feedback experiments show effects on emotion. S's with Möbius syndrome have normal emotions
91.
Klüver-Bucy syndrome: Show little to no fear, are tame and placid
92.
Korsakoff's syndrome: Results from thiamine, important for glucose to be available to neurons in the brain, deficiency common in chronic alcoholics. Affects dorsomedial thalamus, which inputs to prefrontal cortex. Damage to prefrontal cortex results in similar symptoms: Reasoning about memories. Confabulation in reconstructing memories
93.
Language and brain specialization: Language acquisition device is a built in mechanism for acquiring language. Ease with which children learn grammar.
Grammatical universals. Poverty of stimulus. Degeneracy of stimulus. Existence of Broca's and Wernicke's areas
94.
Lashley: searched for the engram by cutting portions of the cortex to see of it would disrupt association learning. He failed to find any location that specifically disrupted learning
95.
Lashley found that when he removed parts of the brain: the amount of tissue removed was more important than its location
96.
lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP): During association learning, changes occur in the ____________ of the cerebellum. Suppression of _____ prevents Conditioned Responses. When suppression wears off, Subject learns at the same speed as Subject's with no previous training.
97.
Lateralization of function: Each hemisphere of the brain is specialized for different functions.
98.
Left hemisphere: Is specialized for speech and language. _______ frontal lobe contains Broca's area: speech production center. The planum temporale in the temporal cortex is larger in the ______ hemisphere in 65% of people. Contains Wernicke's area: speech perception center
99.
limbic system: Includes the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus. Regarded as critical for emotion
100.
Long-term memory: memory of older events.
Large capacity, long duration
101.
Long-term potentiation (LTP): Initial new pattern of activity in the neurons. Once it is stable, it is much easier for the neuron to respond. Specificity - only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become strengthened. Cooperativity - simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces ___ much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon. Associativity - pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input. Depends on changes in glutamate and GABA in the postsynaptic neuron
102.
Male aggressive behavior depends heavily on: testosterone
103.
Mass action: the cortex works as a whole
104.
menstrual cycle: is the variation in hormones and fertility over the course of ~28 days. After the end Anterior pituitary releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
FSH promotes the growth of a follicle in the ovary.
The follicle nurtures the ovum and produces estrogen.
Towards the middle of the menstrual cycle, the follicle becomes more sensitive to FSH.
The follicle produces increasing amounts of estradiol
Estradiol causes the anterior pituitary to increase release of FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH).FSH an LH cause the follicle to release an ovum.
Periovulatory period: females are more sexually responsive during this time The remnants of the follicle release the hormone progesterone.Prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum. Inhibits the further release of LH
105.
Müllerian ducts: precursors to female reproductive organs
106.
Mullerian ducts are found in: female and male fetuses early in development.
107.
Neglect: Is the opposite of attention
108.
Neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus release____which impacts male sexual behavior: dopamine
109.
Non-Human Communication: Seldom use symbols in new original combinations. Use of symbols lacks productivity and grammar. Use of symbols is primarily used to request and not describe. Production of requests is better than understanding other's requests
110.
One could reduce anxiety by: blocking CCK
111.
Organizing effects: Occur mostly at sensitive stages of development. Determine whether the brain and body will develop male or female characteristics. The male Y chromosome includes the SRY gene which causes the primitive gonads to develop into testes
The testes produce the hormone testosterone. Testosterone induces Wolffian ducts to mature into the seminal vesicles and vas deferens. Testes also produce Müllerian Inhibiting Hormone that causes degeneration of Müllerian ducts Leads to development of the penis and scrotum. Lacking the Y chromosome, females are not exposed to high testosterone levels Gonads develop into ovaries, the egg-producing organs. Mullerian ducts develop into oviducts, uterus and upper vagina
112.
Organizing effects of hormones usually occur early in development:: True
113.
oxytocin and prolactin: are released by pituitary gland
Important for stimulation of mammary gland and lactation; mother-infant bonding
Oxytocin also stimulates uterine contractions
114.
Patient H.M.: Had hippocampus removed surgically. STM (or working memory) was essentially normal. Could not form new LTM. Also displayed greater "implicit" than "explicit" memory.
115.
prefrontal cortex: delayed response task requires responding to something you heard or saw a short while ago.____________ is active during this task. Correlation between impaired working memory in older S's and decreased activity in ____________
116.
progesterone: prevents release of FSH and LH, preventing ovulation
117.
Psychologists define emotion in terms of three components:: Cognition, Action, Feeling
118.
Psychologists typically define emotion in terms of three components: True
119.
Pure word deafness: Inability to hear words, but other hearing intact. Reading and production unaffected. Damage to auditory nerve, auditory cortex and to corpus callosum
120.
Recent researchers have felt that Lashley's conclusions about the results of his search for the engram reflected some inappropriate assumptions. One of those assumptions was that: the best place to search for the engram is the cerebral cortex
121.
Retrograde Amnesia: You lose long term memories.
122.
Retrograde Transmitter: this goes from the dendrites to the axons, the usual goes from axons to dendrites. Decrease in action potential threshold. Increase neurotransmitter release. Expansion of the axons. Extensive stimulation of a postsynaptic cell causes the release of a ______________
123.
Right hemisphere: Is better at perceiving emotions. Damage to parts of the _____ hemisphere causes difficulty perceiving other's emotions, failure to understand humor and sarcasm, and a monotone voice. _______ hemisphere is better at spatial function.
124.
Sensitive period for the learning of language: No early language exposure can lead to permanent impairment. Learning of a second language differs as a function of age
125.
Sensitive periods: are early periods when hormones have long-lasting effects. Sexual differentiation depends mostly on the level of testosterone during a sensitive period. Testosterone mostly affects external genitals. Estrogen levels affect internal organs.The human sensitive period for genital formation is about the third and fourth month of pregnancy.
126.
Sensitization: increased responding to stimulation. Discovered facilitating interneurons that affect metabolic processes in the sensory neurons
127.
Sex Hormones: Released by the gonads and adrenal glands. Affect the brain, genitals and other organs. Also bind to receptors in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other brain areas and produce anatomical and physiological differences.
128.
Sex limited genes: are those activated by androgens or estrogens and control most of the differences between male and female. Estrogens activate the gene for breast growth; androgens activate the gene for the growth of facial hair in men
129.
sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN): is an area in the anterior hypothalamus that is larger in the male and contributes to control of male sexual behavior.
Stimulation of ____ = sexual arousal in men
130.
Shifting perception: Perceptual conscious attention alternates between 2 possible views. Look at brain activity as perception shifts from one view to the other. Switching is accompanied by a shift in a pattern of activity over a large portion of the brain.
131.
Short-term memory: memory of events that have just occurred. Small capacity, short duration
132.
Someone with androgen insensitivity is genetically: male, but develops looking more like a female.
133.
Spatial memory: is the memory of where things are. Hippocampus is implicated in one type of ________ functioning: navigation using landmarks
134.
Spatial neglect: is a tendency to ignore the left side of the body and its surroundings or the left side of objects. Often associated with damage to the right hemisphere of the brain.
135.
Split Brain Procedure: Severs the corpus callosum as a treatment for severe epilepsy. Split brain P's develop bimanual independence. Difficulty naming objects depending on where they are
136.
startle reflex: is the extremely fast response to unexpected loud noises. Stimulus signals the pons which results in tensing of the neck and other muscles. In adults:
Amygdala integrates threatening signals and relays to pons
137.
Steroid Hormones: Steroid hormones are a class of hormones that include the sex hormones. Steroid hormones exert their effects in three ways: binding to membrane receptors like neurotransmitters, entering cells to activate proteins, and binding to chromosomes where they activate or inactivate certain genes.
138.
Suppose that while studying classical conditioning of the eyelid response in rabbits, investigators suppressed the activity of the lateral interpositus nucleus in the cerebellum. What results would be expected: Suppressing the lateral interpositus nucleus would prevent learning, while it is suppressed.
139.
Testosterone and Sexual Arousal: Testosterone triggers the release of dopamine by the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus. Dopamine stimulation of certain receptors in CNS is associated with sexual arousal, orgasm. Serotonin activity decreases sexual activity by blocking dopamine release.
140.
The amygdala is part of the: limbic system
141.
The Behavioral Inhibition System is associated with: increased attention and arousal, decreased action, and fear or disgust
142.
The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage, is a characteristic of ____ amnesia: anterograde
143.
The lateral interpositus nucleus in the cerebellum is essential for learning: True
144.
The limbic system—the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus—has been regarded as non-critical for emotion: False
145.
The most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs are the benzodiazepines: True
146.
The most enduring forms of LTP depend on changes in the: pre and postsynaptic neurons
147.
The sexually dimorphic nucleus is larger in females than males: False
148.
The sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the:: anterior hypothalamus
149.
These Exchange information between the hemispheres: Corpus callosum, Anterior commissure, Hippocampal commissure
150.
Thompson: looked for the engram in the cerebellum.
151.
Two major classes of sex hormones are: androgens and estrogens
152.
Visual lateralization: Each hemisphere of the brain gets input from the opposite half of the visual field. Light from the right half of the visual field shines into the left half of both retinas. Left half of each retina goes to the left hemisphere of occipital lobe
Light from the left visual field shines onto the raight half of both retinas. Right half of each retina goes to the right hemisphere of occipital lobe. Optic chiasm is the place where the retinal inputs converge and cross
153.
Wernicke's aphasia: Impaired speech perception and comprehension
154.
Wernicke's area: in the left temporal lobe
Damage results in Wernicke's aphasia, impaired speech perception and comprehension.
155.
What area of the brain is particularly important for coding spatial information: hippocampus
156.
What develops from the Wolffian ducts: male reproductive structures
157.
What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome: thiamine
158.
What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's: a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
159.
When people were forced to smile, by clenching a pen between their teeth, how did they rate a cartoon they were reading: funnier than if they were not forced to smile
160.
Which evidence is most detrimental to the James-Lange theory: Patients with pure autonomic failure experience emotions
161.
Which is true of androgens and estrogens: Males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts.
162.
Which of the following accurately describes HM's memory problems: impaired explicit memory, but not implicit memory
163.
Which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones: whether an organism develops as male or female
164.
Which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones:: whether an organism develops as male or female
165.
Which of the following is one of the reasons that Lashley failed at finding the engram: not all memories are physiologically the same.
166.
Wolffian ducts: precursors to male reproductive organs
167.
Working Memory: Emphasis on temporary storage of information to actively attend to it and work on it.
