Vocab 1914-Present
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Created by:
rachel_88 on May 2, 2010
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Classes:
Mr. Scott's English Class, CAHS
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116 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Archduke Ferdinand | Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarain throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started WWI. |
| Sarajevo | Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination here of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started WWI. |
| Western Front | Front established in WWI; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict. |
| Trench Warfare | Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI. |
| Nicholas II | Tsar of Russia (1894-1917); forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917. |
| Gallipoli | Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian & New Zealand forces under British command during WWI. |
| Armenian genocide | Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East. |
| Eastern Front | Most mobile of the fronts established during WWI; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Ended WWI (1919); provided for the League of Nations; also punished Germany with loss of territories and the payment of rearations as a result of their "war guilt"; Russia also lost territoires with the reestablishment of Eastern European nations such as Poland. |
| Adolf Hitler | Nazi leader of fascist Germany (1933-1945); created a stongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to WWII; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews. |
| George Clemenceau | French prime minister in last years of WWI & during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans. |
| David Lloyd George | Prime minister of Great Britian who headed a coalition government through much of WWI and the turbulent years that followed. |
| Self-determination | Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not. |
| League of Nations | International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member. (p 685) |
| (Indian) National Congress Party | Grew out of regional associations of Western0educated Indians; originally centered in cities ofBombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became politicla party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period. |
| Mandates | Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of WWI; Britian occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922. |
| Zionists | People in the movement that originated in eastern Europe in the 1860s and 1870s; argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine. |
| Balfour Declaration | British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917. |
| Marcus Garvey | African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s & 1930s. |
| Pan African | Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa & African diaspora before and after WWI. |
| Pan Slavic | A movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples; the main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires, Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Venice; also used as a political tool by both the Russian Empire and its successor the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over all Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948. |
| Pan Germanic | A political movement of the 19th century aiming for unity of the German-speaking populations of Europe, identified as Volksdeutsche ("ethnic Germans"); origins began in the early 1800s following the Napoleonic Wars |
| Benito Mussolini | Italian fascist leader after WWI; created first fascist government based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories. |
| Fascism | Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and the Germany during (1920s -1930s); attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction. |
| Mexican Constitution of 1917 | Promised land reform, limitied foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution. (p 776) |
| Poncho Villa | Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta. |
| Emiliano Zapata | Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform. |
| Alexander Kerensky | Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom. |
| Red Army | Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background. |
| New Economic Policy | Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover. (p 732) |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991. |
| Stalin | Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed oposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through WWII; furthered cold war with western Europe and the United States; died in 1953. |
| Collectivization | Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes. |
| Comintern | International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere. (p 732) |
| Yuan Shikai | Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916. |
| May Fourth Movement | Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism (p 862) |
| Mao Zedong | Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958. |
| Guomindang | Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with COmmunists in 1924; dominated by CHiand Kai-shek after 1925. |
| Chiang Kai Shek | A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang of Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after WWII. |
| Long March | Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Comunist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China. |
| Great Depression | International economic crisis following the First World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States & western Europe; massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century. (p 687) |
| Popular Front | Combination of Socialist and Communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938. |
| New Deal | President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. (p 710) |
| Totalitarian state | A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercized massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. |
| Gestapo | Secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics. |
| Spanish Civil War | War pitting authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftists between 1936 and 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans; led to victory of the royalist forces. |
| Juan D Peron | Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after militiary coup in 1943; used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became President in 1946, forced into exile in 1955, returned and won presidency in 1973. |
| Politburo | Executive committee of the Soviet Communist party; 20 members. |
| Nazi | The National Socialist Party; led my Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up plitical support during the economic chaos of the Great Deppression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation fo the Treaty of Versailles; took power in Germany in 1933. |
| Winston Churchill | British prime minister during WWI; responsible for British resistance to German air assaults. (p 649) |
| Blitzrieg | German term for lighting warfare; involved rapid movement of airplanes, tanks, and mechanized troop carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in WWII. |
| Vichy | French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans. |
| Battle of Britian | The 1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities, countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of German assault aircraft. |
| Holocaust | Term for Hitler's attempted genocide of European Jews during WWII; resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews. |
| Pearl Harbor | American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of United States into WWII. |
| Midway Island | WWII Pacific battle; decisive U.S. victory over powerful Japanese carrier force. |
| Axis Powers | Comprised of the countries that were opposed to the Allies during World War II; the three major powers—Germany, Japan, and Italy—were part of a military alliance on the signing of the Tripartite Pact in September 1940; World War II ended with their total defeat and dissolution. |
| Allied Powers | the coalition formed by Britain and her colonies (including Australia, New Zealand, Canada and India), France and Russia from the beginning of the war, and later other countries including Belgium, Italy and the United States. |
| Unitied Nations | International organization formed in the aftermath of WWI; included all of the victorious Allies; its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating disputes. |
| Tehran Conference | Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France. (p 698) |
| Yalta Conference | Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war. |
| Potsam | Meeting among leaders of the US, Britain and the Soviet Union just before the end of WWII in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in Eastern Europe, Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious Allies |
| Quit India Movement | Masscivil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India. |
| Muslim League | Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement. |
| Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Muslim nationalist leader in India; originally a member of the National Congress party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during WWII for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan. |
| Kwame Nkrumah | African nationalist during period of decolonization; responsible for creation of first independent, black African state of Ghana in 1957; established power through his own party, the Convention Peoples party. |
| Jomo Kenyatta | Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the Kenya Africa Union (KAU); failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau. |
| Kenya African Union | Leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s. |
| Land Freedom Army | Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau. |
| National Liberation Front | Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958. |
| Secret Army Organization | Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independance during the 19602; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence. |
| Afrikaner National Party | Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of radial segregation called apartheid. |
| Apartheid | Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically. |
| Eastern Bloc | Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war-particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany |
| Harry Truman | American president (1945-1952); less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during WWI; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war. (p 696) |
| Iron Curtain | Phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946. |
| Marshall Plan | Program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance. |
| NATO | Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the wester European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) |
| Warsaw Pact | Alliance organized by Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949. |
| European Union | Began as European Economic Community (or Common Market), an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to create a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britian, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland, and other nations for further European economic integration. |
| De-Stalinization | Khrushchev's policy of purging the Soviet Union of Stalin's memory; monuments of Stalin were destroyed; Stalin's body was moved outside the Kremlin Wall. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Stalin's successor as head of USSR; attacked Stalinism in 1956 for concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship; faliure of Siberian development program and antagonism of Stalinists led to downfall. (p 745) |
| Third World | Also known as developing nationsl nations outside the capatalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrilized cmmunist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies. (p 773) |
| Zapatistas | Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation. |
| Fulgencio Batista | Dictator of Cuba (1934-1944); returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro. |
| Fidel Castro | Cuban revolutionary; overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1958; initiated series of socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on Soviet Union. |
| Ernesto "Che" Guevara | Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista regime in Cuba; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967. (p 785) |
| Banana Republics | Term given to governments supported or created by the US in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to US interests. |
| Good Neighbor Policy | Established by Franklin D. Roosevelt for dealing with Latin America in 1933; intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics. |
| Alliance For Progress | begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention. |
| Bangladesh | Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan. |
| Gamal Abdul Nasser | Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and use state resources ti reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956. |
| Muslim Brotherhood | Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government. |
| Anwar Sadat | Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasser as ruler of Egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973; opened Egypt to investment by Western nations. |
| Ayatollah Khomeini | Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Isamic government. |
| Nelson Mandela | Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. de Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely demo-cratic elections in the country's history. |
| F.W. de Klerk | White South African prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela & the African National Congress, he helped to dismantle the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time. |
| Taiwan | Island off Chinese mainland; became refuge for Nationalist Chinese regime under Chiang Kai-shek as Republic of China in 1948; successfully retained independence with aid of United States; rapidly industrialized after 1950s. |
| Republic of Korea | Southern half of Korea sponsored by United States following World War II; headed by nationalist Syngman Rhee; developed parliamentary institutions but maintained authoritarian government; defended by UN forces during Korean War; underwent industrialization and economic emergence after 1950s. |
| People's Democratic Republic of Korea | Northern half of Korea dominated by USSR; long headed by Kim II-Sung; attacked south in 1950 and initiated Korean War; retained independence as a communist state after the war. |
| Hong Kong | British colony on Chinese mainland; major commercial center; agreement reached between Britian and People's Republic of China returned colony to China in 1997. |
| People's Republic of China | Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang. |
| People's Liberation Army | Chinese Communist army; administered much of country under People's Republic of China. |
| Great Leap Forward | Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960. |
| Pragmatists | Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level; oppoed Great Leap Forward. |
| Red Guard | Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revlution to discredit Mao's political enemies. |
| Gang of Four | Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of Communist government in China from the pragmatists; arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong's death. (p 874) |
| Ho Chi Minh | Also known as Nguyen Ai Quoc; led Vietnamese Communist party in struggle for liberation from French and U.S. dominance and to unify north and south Vietnam. |
| Ngo Ding Diem | Political leader of South Vietnam; established as president with United States support in 1950s; opposed Communist government of North Vietnam; overthrown by military coup approved by United States. |
| Viet Cong | Name given by Diem regime to Communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam; reorganized with northern Vietnamese assistance as the National Liberation Front in 1958. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | USSR premier after 1985; renewed attacks of Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika. |
| Glasnost | Policy of openness or political liberation in Soviet Union put forward by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s. (p 746) |
| Perestrokia | Policy of Mikhail Gorbachez calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture. |
| Boris Yeltsin | Began to move up the ladder of the Communist party in Soviet Union in 1968, becoming First Secretart of the Moscow City Party Committee in 1985; initially a loyal backer of Gorbachev but increasingly criticized him for slow pace of reform; stood up to a coup attempt in 1991 but then managed to displace Gorbachev; in his position as president of the Russian republic, sponsored several subsequent constitutional provisions and weathered battles with opponents in parliament. |
| North American Free Trade Agreement | Agreement that created an essentially free trade zone among Mexico, Canada, and the Unitied States, in hopes of encouraging economic growth in all three nations; after difficult negotiations, went into effect January 1, 1994. |
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