1.
absolute refractory period: for about 0.5 ms, no amount of stimulation of that region of the membrane will cause it to depolarize again
2.
action potential: a change in electrrical potential that occurs when the cell membrane is stimulated adequately to permit ion exchange between intra and extracellular spaces
3.
aplasia: pinna fails to develop or does not develop completely
4.
association areas: areas that interpret sensory inputs, store memories, etc.
5.
atresia: congenital absence of external auditory meatus
6.
axon: sends action potentials (nerve impulses)
7.
axon hillock: integrative center, initiates an action potential
8.
broca's area: motor association area specific to speech
9.
brodmann's areas: maps of 52 different cortical areas
10.
cauda equina: spinal nerves, horse's tail
11.
celly body (soma): metabolic center of the neuron
12.
central canal: opening that travels down the center of the spinal cord; contains CSF
13.
cerebellum: controls posture and fine-tunes muscle contractions. Surface gray matter: purkinje fibers. White matter: arbor vitae: connects cerebellum to pons, midbrain, and medulla.
14.
cerebral peduncles: connecting tracts between brainstem and cerebrum
15.
cerumen: trap insects and dirt that would otherwise threaten tympanic membrane
16.
concentration gradient: a high concentration of molecules on one side of a membrane
17.
conus medullaris: tapered end of the spinal cord
18.
corpora quadrigemina: cluster of four posterior projections on midbrain
19.
dendrites: "tree" receiving region of the neuron
20.
dorsal sulcus: shallow dorsal groove
21.
dynamic equilibrium: in semicircular canals
22.
echolocation: reflected sounds is received as an auditory echo that is processed by the SOC to determine the spatial location of the object from which the echo was derived. Dolphins, whales, and bats
23.
excitable cells: cells that change states when stimulated:resting state>excited state: snesory receptors, neurons, muscles
24.
filum terminale: ties spinal cord and nerves to tail bone; anchor
25.
gray matter: unmyelinated central mass; intergrates and processes information
26.
hearing: at cochlea
27.
heschl's area: aural projection cortex
28.
homunculus: little human
29.
inferior colliculi: two inferior projections, receive aural inputs
30.
inner ear: houses the sensors for balance (vestibular system) and hearing (cochlea)
31.
medulla oblongata: connects spinal cord to brain, contains control center for blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and vomting
32.
membrane potentials: the difference in voltage between the ICF and the ECF; ie, voltage measured across the cell membrane
33.
meninges: protective membranes
34.
microtia: abnormally small pinna
35.
motor strip: precentral gyrus
36.
myelinated inernode: area of axon covered by Schwann cell
37.
myelination: increases speed oof action potential(nerve impulse) conduction, guide repair of damaged nerves (PNS only)
38.
node of ranvier: area that conducts the action potential (nerve impulse)
39.
ototitis externa: inflammation of the skin of the external ear
40.
Parasympathetic pathway: start in cranial and sacral region
41.
parkinson's disease: a neuromuscular disease that results in tremors, muscular rigidity, difficulty iniating movement, and dementia.
42.
permeability: the property of a membrane that determines the ease with which ions may pass through a membrane
43.
pons: connects to cerebellum, medulla, and midbrain: contains control centers for respiration
44.
prefrontal area: risk assessment, conscience, short-term memory, general motor
45.
primary motor cortex: area with motor neurons for each voluntary muscle of the body.
46.
projection areas: areas that receive sensory inputs
47.
propagation: the spreading effect of wave action
48.
Reflex: unconcious response
49.
reflex arch: part of neural circuit
50.
relative refractory period: a period during which the membrane may be stimulated to excitation again, but only with greater then typical stimulation
51.
resting membrane potential: at rest, there is a potential difference of 270 mV, a gradient that will promote ion movement if a channel opens to permit the movement
52.
resting membrane potential: voltage across a cell in the resting cell membrane.
53.
resting or standing potentials: voltage potential differeces that can be measured from the cochlea at rest
54.
reticular activating system: neurons that control alertness in respose to stimuli, especially face stimuli
55.
reticular formation: series of neurons in the hindbrain
56.
sodium potassium pump: ion pumps to move sodium and potassium ions againest the gradient
57.
somatosensory strip: postcentral gyrus
58.
spectral analysis: the process of extracting or defining the various frequency components of a given signal
59.
static equilubrium: in vestibule
60.
superior colliculi: two superior projections, recieve visual inputs
61.
Sympathetic: start in thoracic and lumbar region
62.
synaptic (axon) terminals: releases neurotransmitters
63.
transducer: converts acoustic energy into electrochemical energy
64.
traveling wave: periodic vibration is translated to basilar membrane, where it intiates this wave action
65.
ventral fissure: deep ventral groove
66.
vestibulocochlear nerve: provides gravitational, and acceleration sensations
67.
wernicke's area: word recognition and sound interpretation
68.
white matter: myelinated; external mass, carries nerve impulses up (sensory) and down (motor) the spinal cord
