| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Nucleus | Holds chromosones which are made out of DNA, which has instructions for how the cell is supposed to function, communicates with surrounding cytosol via nuclear pores, surrounded by double membrane envelope called nuclear envelope, and regulates/controls all life processes of the cell and cell reproduction. Control center of cell. Most cells have a nucleus. Usually in the center in a animal cell. |
| Cell wall | Rigid outer layer surrounding the cell. Non living, contains cellulose for protection and support. Allows materials to pass into and out of the cell. Only plant cells have this organelle. |
| Cell membrane (Plasma membrane) | Living membrane within cell wall. Controls passage of substances to and from cell. Separates cell from rest of enviroment. Food, water, and oxygen move through the cell membrane into the cell and wastes move out of the cell through the cell membrane. |
| Cell cytoplasm | Lies between cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Contains other organelles. jelly like substance that fills up cell, with all organelles floating in it. |
| Vacuoles | Filled with water, food (starch/sugar/protein), or waste, they are the "storage tanks" of the cell. They are small storage spaces in the cytoplasm, with the spaces surrounded by a membrane. They pump extra water out of a cell. Plant cell usually have one large vacuole. Animal cells may have many small vacuoles. When plant droops, the vacuole is not filled up. |
| Chloroplast | Contains green pigments called chlorophyll. (Gives plant their color.) Special plastid in plant leaf and stem cells. |
| Plastid | Contains pigments which give plant color. Chloroplasts is a different plastid type. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Network of membrane bound vesicles and tubules. (Tiny highway system for the cell.) Ribosomes located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, not on the smooth ER. Series of cavities connected to the Nuclear Envelope which substances travel through, from one organelle to another. |
| Mitochondria | Breaks down nutrients, produces energy (for movement), which can then be used immediately or stored for later use. Called the powerhouses of the cell. |
| Ribosomes | Help make protein for cell, many located on rough E.R. Small rounded structures. Protein needed for cell life processes. Not all ribosomes attached to the ER. Some scattered in cytoplasm. |
| Golgi body aka the Golgi apparatus | Flattened and folded sacs. Proteins and other materials sent to Golgi body through E.R. Package proteins made by ribosomes and other materials to send to other parts of the cell and outside the cell. Like post offices of the cell. |
| lysosome | Common in animal cells. Helps cell digest proteins. Cleanup crew of the cell. Contain powerful chemicals that digest nutrient molecules in the cell. When other organelles stop working, the lysosomes break down and recycle the old cell parts so they can be used again. The chemicals in the lysosmomes only break down unhealthy cell parts. Membrane surrounds the lysosomes to stop them from destroying the rest of the cell |
| Plant cell and Animal cell | Building blocks of living matter. |
| Organelle | little organ |
| What are the three basic parts of what scientists call "cellular organelles"? | The cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. |
| Chlorophyll | Traps energy from sun to make glucose. (Photosynthesis.) |
| What is different between a plant cell and an animal cell? | A plant cell has a cell wall, plastids (Chloroplasts), and the vacuole is larger then in an animal cell. |
| Cell | All living things on earth is made up of 1 or more cells. They are the basic unit of life. They carry out life processes. i.e cell takes in and breaks down food. Also breaks down glucose for energy. This life process = cellular respiration. Each cell type has a different function. |
| How many cells is an amoebae made up of? | 1 |
| How many cells is a human made up of? | trillions, which are divided into about 200 different types. |
| When and who discovered cells? | Robert Hooke, an english scientist, in 1665. He used a light microscope to look at thin slices of cork, which is found in some plants. |
| When and who first discovered living cells? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch lens maker, in 1674. Saw single cell organisms swimming in a drop of pond water. Hooke saw only dead cells in the cork. |
| Matthias Schleiden | German botanist. Studied many plants to learn more about living things. In 1838, he stated that all plants are made up of cells. |
| Theodor Schwann | German zoologist. Said that the cell is the basic unit of structure in animals. |
| Rudolph Virchow | Doctor in Germany. 1855, said that new cells come from cells that already exist. |
| Cell theory | Created in mid-1800s. States: 1. all living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure in living things, and cells cary on all life processes. 3. Cells come only from other living cells. |
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