1.
Abbasid: The empire that took over after Umayyad, 750-1258 (when Baghdad was sacked by Mongols), based in Baghdad
2.
Abu Bakr: Muhammad's best friend and 1st male convert. 1st caliph (from 632-634). Unified people and converted Arabia to Islam
3.
Abu Talib: Muhammad's uncle and foster father. Chief of a Bedouin tribe. Trained him to be a caravan driver. Died 619
4.
Ali: 4th caliph from 656-661, considered 1st legitimate leader by Shi'ites. Not caliph to Shi'ites, Imam (and descendants). Fought war with Muawiyah and negotiated, angering some troops who left and became Kharajite, "exiters". Killed by Kharajite while praying.
5.
Bedouin: A rough, nomadic tribe that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia. Went to Mecca once a year to pray. Told poems and herded livestock.
6.
Berbers: North African nomads, at first hard to convert, finally converted
7.
Caliph: A leader for Muslims, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Mu'awiyah... Shi'ites only accept Ali as legit
8.
Devshirme: Literally "harvest" (of boys), taking Christian boys, converting them to Islam, and training them in war, literature, law, and religion. Implemented by Sultan Murad II between 1421-1451.
9.
Five Pillars: The 5 basic beliefs of Islam: giving witness, praying, donating to charity, fasting during Ramadan, and making the haj
10.
Ghazis: Turkish warriors who persecuted infidels, especially the Byzantines
11.
Hadith: Everything Muhammad said that wasn't a message from God
12.
Haj: Going to the Ka'ba once in a lifetime, 5th Pillar
13.
Hijra: Muhammad and followers flee to Medina (Yathrib) in 622
14.
Husayn: Ali's son, ambushed and killed by an army sent by Umayyad caliph while on way to Kufa, Iraq. Considered by Shi'ites to be a martyr. Reenact murder yearly.
15.
Imam (for Shi'ites): A holy figure, like a caliph, all descendants of Ali, until #12, who went into hiding as a kid. 12th Imam=Mahdi and is a Messiah figure
16.
Imam (for Sunnis): A man who conducts prayer services in a mosque
17.
Islam: submission to God
18.
Janissaries: An elite infantry force of Devshirme boys who fought with guns. Wore all white
19.
Jihad: Islamic holy war, cannot be waged against another Muslim country, cannot destroy property or hurt civilians, need consent of whole Umma
20.
Ka'ba: A cube-like structure in Mecca, used to have idols, now only has a black stone. Where you go for the haj
21.
Khadija: A wealthy widow and Muhammad's 1st wife. 1st convert. Died 619
22.
Mecca: A city in Saudi Arabia, home of the Ka'ba, haj destination, Muhammad's birthplace, at first hostile to Muslims
23.
Medina: Where Muhammad went in 622 on the Hijra
24.
Mehmed: A young Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople in 1458, using guns and Janissaries. Name means Muhammad in Turkish.
25.
Middle East: A peninsula in between Africa, Europe, and Asia. Birth and death place of Muhammad and where Islam started
26.
Muawiyah: 5th caliph from 661-680. Moved capital to Damascus. Started Umayyad dynasty.
27.
Muhammad: Prophet and founder of Islam. Born 570 (Year of Elephant), died 632. When parents died early, raised by uncle Abu Talib. Married Khadija. 1st revelation: 610. Persecuted in Mecca, so fled to Yathrib (Medina) in 622.
28.
Muslim: one who submits to God
29.
Nomadic: moving around, herding instead of farming, like the Bedouin
30.
Orhan: Osman's son and heir. Moved around and conquered a lot. Organized empire. Made capital Bursa
31.
Osman: Started a ghazi governor, then, began conquering parts of Anatolia. A good leader and leader of the tariqas Died 1326. Ottoman Empire named after.
32.
Qu'ran: The holy book of Muslims, Uthman ordered it made in 653, divided into 114 suras, all of Muhammad's revelations
33.
Roxelana: Suleyman's wife. Power-hungry. Tricked into killing son (and heir) and best friend
34.
Salat: Praying 5 times a day, 2nd Pillar
35.
Sawm: Fasting during Ramadan, 4th Pillar
36.
Shaykh: A tribal elder of the Bedouins
37.
Shehada: Giving witness that there is only 1 God and Muhammad=messenger, 1st Pillar
38.
Shi'ite: A sect of Muslims who believe that Ali was the rightful heir to Muhammad, 10% of Muslims
39.
Sira: The full life of Muhammad in terms of his actions and speech
40.
Suleyman: A sultan who expanded the empire across North Africa, Rhodes, and Persia, as well as making it better. Tricked into killing son and best friend by wife
41.
Sunna: The Sira and Hadiths, literally means "the way", "the message" or "the path"
42.
Sunni: A sect of Muslims who believe that Abu Bakr was the rightful heir to Muhammad, 90% of Muslims
43.
Sura: A chapter of the Qu'ran, 114 in all, from longest to shortest, except the first one. The first revelation=the 96th sura
44.
Umar: 2nd caliph from 634-644. Spread Islam outside Arabia. Killed by angry slave
45.
Umayyad: A dynasty, later an empire, of caliphs of the Umayyad clan from 661-750. Founded by Mu'awiyah and based in Damascus
46.
Umma: "community", all Muslims, started in Medina, at first Jews and Muslims, now just Muslims
47.
Uthman: 3rd caliph from 644-656. Ordered Qu'ran written. Appointed family as governors. 1st caliph to be killed by Muslims
48.
Yathrib: Where Muhammad went in 622 on the Hijra, now called Medina
49.
Zakat: Donating to the needy (1/40 of income) 3rd Pillar
