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Dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches and a postanal tail List the 4 characteristics of chordates Vertebral column Replaces the notochord during embryonic development and it surrounds and protects the dorsal nerve cord Neural crest Group of cells that develop form the nerve cord and form portions of the brain and skull, certain sense organs and some nerve fibers Closed Do vertebrates have an open or closed circulatory system Fish Live in aquatic habitats and have jaws, fins, gills and scales Balance, steering and propulsion List the functions of fins Placoid, ganoid, Ctenoid, cycloid List the types of scales of fishes Operculum Movable flap that covers and protects the gills in fishes Water enters the mouth and flows across the gills How do fish get oxygen Circulatory system of fishes Atrium receives blood and the ventricle pumps it to the gills; 2-chambered heart; blood is pumped over gills Pyloric ceca Small pouches at the junction of the stomach and the intestine that secrete enzymes for digestion and absorb nutrients into the blood stream Nephron Main unit of a fish's kidney that helps to maintain the salt and water balance of the body and to remove cellular wastes Cerebellum Part of the fish's brain involved in coordinating movement and controlling balance Optic lobe Part of fish's brain that is responsible for visual input Medulla oblongata Internal organs are under the control of this part of the brain Lateral line system Enables fishes to detect movemnet in water Spawning Males and females release their gametes near each other in the water Swim bladder Gas-filled space that allows a fish to conrol its depth Jawless fish Do not have paired fins and have tooth-like structures to scrape openings into fish; Hagfish & Lamprey Sharks Belong to the blass chondrichtyes, skeleton made of cartlage, can replace old teeth Catfish, trout, salmon Give examples of bony ray-finned fishes Lungfish, Coelacanth Give examples of bony lobe-finned fishes Protection form extreme temperatures, limb development, lungs get oxygen from air more efficiently What are some terrestrial adaptations No Do amphibians have scales? Cloaca Chamber that receives the digestive wastes, urinary waste and eggs or sperm before they leave the body Live in water-excrete ammonia as waste product; live on land-excrete urea Describe excretion in amphibians Lungs, moist skin and lining of the mouth How do most adult amphibians respire? Nictating membrane Transparent eyelid in frogs that can move across the eye to protect it underwater Tympanic membrane Eardrum on the side of the head in amphibians Ectotherm Obtain body heat from their external environment Anura Frogs and toads belong to which order? Caudata Salamanders and newts belong to which order? Habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, global climate change Why is the amphibian population declining? Efficient circulatory & respiratory system, Shelled egg, scaly skin What are some characteristics that allow reptiles to succeed on land? Amniotic egg Covered with a protective shell and has several internal membranes with fluids contained between the membranes Yolk sac Inside a reptile's egg, where does the embryo get its nutrition form food? Allantois, amnion, chorion List the membranes inside a reptile's egg Yes Do reptiles have scales? Molting How do reptiles grow? Lungs How do reptiles breathe? 3 or 4 chambered heart, ectotherms, some can produce venom List some characteristics of reptiles When wastes removed from the blood by kidneys enters the cloaca, water is reabsorbed to form a semi-solid excretion called uric acid Describe excretion in reptiles? Jacobson's organs Pair of sac-like structures that sense odors Squamata What order do snakes and lizards belong to? Carapace-dorsal, plastron-ventral Name the two parts of a turtle's shell and tell which is dorsal and which is ventral Based on their structure of hips How are dinosaurs divided into two groups?