| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Henry Bessemer | In 1856, British engineer ___ developed a process to purify iron ore and produce a new substance, steel. Steel was lighter, harder, and more durable than iron. Others improved on the Bessemer process, so steel could be produced very cheaply |
| Thomas Edison | In the 1870s, the American inventor __ made the first electric light bulb. Soon, Edison's “incandescent lamps” illuminated whole cities |
| Wright Brothers | In 1903, two American bicycle makers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, designed and flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. |
| Guglielmo Marconi | By the 1890s, the Italian pioneer ___ had invented the radio. In 1901, he transmitted a radio message from Britain to Canada, using Morse's dot-and-dash code. |
| Michael Faraday | Later, the English chemist ___ created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity |
| Alfred Nobel | In 1866, the Swedish chemist ___ invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used at the time. It was widely used in construction and, to Nobel's dismay, in warfare. |
| Temperance movement | a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages. Temperance leaders argued that drinking threatened family life |
| Julia Brainerd/ Charles Hall | __worked with her brother to develop an aluminum-producing process. Their company became hugely successful, but Charles Hall received almost all of the credit. |
| John Dalton | early 1800s when the English Quaker schoolteacher ___ developed modern atomic theory. The ancient Greeks had speculated that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms. Dalton showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances |
| Charles Lyell | ____offered evidence to show that the Earth had formed over millions of years. His successors concluded that the Earth was at least two billion years old and that life had not appeared until long after Earth was formed. These ideas did not seem to agree with biblical accounts of creation |
| Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 | In the United States, the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 demanded that women be granted the right to vote |
| Charles Darwin | To explain the long, slow process of evolution, he put forward his theory of natural selection. |
| Social Darwinism | applying the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition. Industrial tycoons, argued Social Darwinists, were more “fit” than those they put out of business. War brought progress by weeding out weak nations. Victory was seen as proof of superiority. |
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