Final Exam Review
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63 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 diffusion | the movement of customs or ideas from one place to another |
| ethnocentrism | Judging other cultures by the standards of your own. |
| technology | skills and tools a people use; also one of the first things to change as a result of Cultural Diffusion |
| transgenerational learning | The passing of culture from one generation to the next; education |
| cash crops | crops that are grown to be sold on the world market |
| industrialization | the growth of machine-powered production in an economy; a goal of developing nations |
| westernization | the spread of "western" culture (USA and European) |
| nationalism | pride and loyalty in one's country; often led/leads to independence movements |
| Agricultural Revolution | event in Human history that ended the nomadic lifestyle |
| family | most important unit of social organization AND has the most influence on an individual's behavior. |
| effect of Imperialism in Africa | traditional family and community ties were decreased; artificial boundaries were drawn. |
| Apartheid | system of racial segregation in South Africa |
| Africa's varied geography | explains the diversity of African cultures; uneven distribution of resources. |
| Universals | commonalities that all cultures share |
| trade | an activity that allows the greatest amount of diffusion |
| trait | any specific tool, practice, or technology that is unque to a culture |
| religious beliefs | one of the last things to change as a result of Cultural Diffusion |
| religion | Most commonly found cultural universal; also tends to slow the rate of cultural change |
| goal of education | guarantees that citizens will be able to function in society |
| culture | a total way of life and a learned behavior that created by a specific groups to suit their needs |
| interdependence | reliance of nations on one another in social, economic, or technological situations |
| Imperialism | control by one country of the policitcal, economic, or cultural life of another country or region |
| totalitarian state | nation where the government controls all aspects of citizen's lives |
| land reform | governement program of redistributing land |
| Koran (Quran) | sacred text of Islam |
| Israel | created as a homeland for Jews after the Holocaust of WWII |
| Suez Canel | connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea |
| major influence on Islam | Judaism |
| motive for 20th century interest in the Middle East | economic - esp. petroleum and trade routes |
| a major stumbling block to peace in the Middle East | the establishment of a Palestinian state. |
| Significance of OPEC | They control large amount of the world's oil |
| Islamic Fundamentalism | reaction to modernization and Westernization within the Muslim community; enforces limited rights for women. |
| Buddhism | had beginnings in Hinduism; began in India; rejects idea of caste; believes in reincarnation; diffused to China |
| caste system | Hindu class system that one is born into; used in India; rejected by the founder of Buddhism |
| non-violent disobedience | Used by Gandhi and his followers to gain independence from Great Britain |
| Pakistan | established in 1947 due to religious differences between Hindus and Muslims |
| Hinduism | believe in reincarnation; cows are sacred; most common in India |
| monsoons | seasonal winds that affect the climate of South Asia |
| Confucionism | Chinese philosophy that emphasized relationships and "superiors" setting a good example for "inferiors" |
| challenge to Japanese economy | shortage of workers |
| Japanese "Economic Miracle" | refers to Japan's recovery from the devestation of WWII |
| Comunists and Nationalist | opposing groups in China that eventually went to war |
| Opium Wars | fought between China and Great Britain because the British would not obey Chinese trade laws |
| results of Chinese Communist Revolution | Mao Zedong became chairman,; Taiwan was established; women recieved rights |
| One Child Policy | China's attempt to limit population growth |
| Tianamen Square | where Chinese protesters were killed; showed the world that the government would not allow protests againt the state |
| Third World (Developing Nations) | term used for countries who are not industrialized |
| Palestinian State | reason for conflict in Israel and the Middle East |
| polygamy | having more than one spouse; acceptable in the Arab world, but not widely practiced due to economic reasons. |
| Old Testament | Hebrew text; Judaism, Christianity and Islam all have basis in it |
| values | attitudes and beliefs that a group holds to be important and desirable |
| national security | major concern for Israel |
| Goal of China's government in the '80s | improving the economy |
| Japan's geography | limited interaction with other cultures |
| Chinese vs Japanese economies | Japan has focused on high-tech industries; China on manufactured goods |
| examples of cultural diffusion from China to Japan | architecture, Buddhism, calligraphy |
| Nile Valley | early civilization's development due to fertile soil |
| AIDS | Major problem in Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Latin American Independence Wars | By the 1800s, Spain had lost most of its colonies in Latin America |
| Drug Trade | Many Latin American governments feel that as long as the U.S. demand for drugs remains strong, the drug trade will continue. |
| Traditional Chinese society | Stressed the belief that the family came before the individual. |
| Japanese education | competition to get into the best schools if fierce because going to a top school opens the door to a successful career. |
| Region | An area with its own unifying features, such as cultural or political characteristics. |
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