Social Psyc 3

Terms	Definitions
affect	generic term for a whole range of feelings and emotions
aggression	Behavior INTENDED to physically or psychologically harm another person; Can be physical or verbal
altruism	people sometimes help others without regard to whether they will derive any sort of personal benefit
anger management	reduce emotional feelings and the physiological arousal that anger causes.
appraisal (in relation to emotion)	Expressing feeling, judgement and appreciation; an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala; (it is a cognitive process related to emotion)
authoritarian personality	rigid adherence to conventional values, hero-worship, & a tendency to think in categorical terms (individual differences approach to prejudice)
aversive racism	genuine desire to be nonprejudiced accompanied by negative feelings toward outgroup members
Bandura's social learning theory	remember the Bobo Doll experiment (relates to aggression and modeling aggression)
Behavioral model for reducing prejudice	CONTACT THEORY: 4 conditions needed for contact to reduce prejudice 1. Participants must be of equal status 2. Must work toward a common goal (e.g., superordinate goal) 3. Interactions must be pleasant 4. Must be supported by authority figures
Bystander effect	the presence of others inhibits helping ("Helping in an emergency")
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion	Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: 1) physiological responses 2) subjective experience of emotion
Catharsis	releasing/purging of emotional tensions
cognitive mindset of forgiveness	1) Less rumination (thinking about the incident); 2) Less sense of narcissistic entitlement (Treated as a trait - we have yet to study if it can also be a state.)
cognitive model of stereotyping	Categorization: process of distinguishing & grouping entities on the basis of shared characteristics (ex: Illusory correlation effect)
companionate love	deep, abiding attachment characterized by feelings of caring, affection, & respect
decision-making model (for helping)
deindividualism	x
Devine's model of stereotyping
diffusion of responsibility	belief that we don't need to help in an emergency because others will
dispositional	Dispositional attributions are more likely to made when behaviors fit a stereotype
dr. estrada's definition of forgiveness	Forgiveness occurs when one, who formerly felt negatively towards another feels less negative and more positive towards an offender
egoism	philosophical doctrine that maintains people always act out of self-interest
emotion	A more complex assortment of affects than simply good or bad feelings such as sadness, anger, delight, serenity, etc.
empathy	capacity to take the perspective of another person
Enright's definition of forgiveness	conscious decision to release or forgo bitterness and vengeance
equity theory	people seek & are most satisfied with an interpersonal relationship when their own benefits/costs ratio equals their partner's benefits/costs ratio
evolutionary perspective on helping	1) Kin selection; 2) Reciprocal altruism; 3) Group selection
excitation transfer theory	arousal generated from one stimulus can "spill over" & intensify an emotional reaction to a different stimulus (situational influence on aggression)
Exline's definition of forgiveness	Forgiveness is not forgetting, reconciling, or removal of negative consequences; Forgiveness "does not imply reconciliation, trust or release from legal accountability."
Explicit attitudes	conscious attitudes
explicit stereotypes	 Control processed;  Measured by asking a person how you feel and think about another group (attitudinal measures)
feelings	relatively mild subjective reactions that are essentially either pleasant or unpleasant. The feelings most often studies in social psychology are "evaluations" (a simple positive or negative reaction such as attraction liking, prejudice, etc.)
forgiveness and health	associated with better health and wellbeing; Psychological Costs (to self concept): 1) Pride; 2) Setting aside self-interests; 3) Foregoing bitter feelings & desires for vengeance; 4) The deeper the hurt the more that needs to be "let go"
forgiveness behavioral changes (3)	1) Report relationship with perpetrator marked by greater satisfaction, commitment and closeness; 2) Continuation of relationship is greater (dr. estrada); 3) Improved relationship
forgiveness emotional shifts (4)	1) Less negativity and more positivity towards perpetrator (dr. e); 2) Less feelings of revenge and avoidance; 3) More prosocial motivation present; 4) Greater empathy & gratitude
forgiveness physiological outcomes	?????
Freud's instinct theory	Aggression is: Innate and influential
frustration-aggression hypothesis	frustration always produces aggression & aggression always produces frustration
identity maintenance	Minority group members positively evaluate their collective identity; May only apply to explicit self- esteem; Group pride is an insulator; Attribute negative outcomes to discrimination
implicit attitudes	unconscious attitudes
implicit stereotypes	Automatically processed; Quick, involuntary, unintentional & effortless
individual differences and forgiveness (5 theories)	1) Personal Just World View; 2) Narcissism; 3) Gratitude, neuroticism and agreeableness; 4) Relationship emphasis [Greater or lesser value of relationship]; 5) High religiosity
ingroups/outgroups	INGROUPS: groups to which we belong; OUTGROUPS: groups to which we do not belong
James-Lange theory of emotion	Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Jigsaw classroom	a) Students work together on a project b) Each student has one piece of the puzzle c) Success requires that students work together cooperatively to form the bigger picture (way to reduce prejudice)
Kitty Genovese	example of helping in an emergency (& how people don't help)- She was a woman who was murdered; she was crawling through the street crying for help and people saw her but did not respond
Lorenz's ethological model	Intra-species aggression evolved to prevent others from encroaching on their territory
media violence and aggression relation	??????
minimal group paradigm	group membership is arbitrary & participants never have contact with one another
modern racism scale (3 example ?'s)	1) Discrimination against blacks is no longer a problem in the U.S. (1=disagree and 5=agree) 2) Members of ethnic minorities often exaggerate the extent to which they suffer from racial inequality (1=disagree and 5=agree) 3) The desire of many ethnic minorities to maintain their cultural traditions impedes the achievement of racial equality (1=disagree and 5=agree)
moods	Mood state can influence helping [happy people help!]
moods and helping	Happy people help; Positive moods prime positive thoughts; Positive moods increase sociability & concern for others; People help to maintain their happiness
outgroup homogeneity bias	tendency to underestimate the variability among outgroup members
passionate love	intense emotional state involving sexual desire, feelings of ecstasy & anguish (Collectivistic cultures place less emphasis on passionate love than individualistic cultures)
pluralistic ignorance	people misread other people's behaviors & assume their own thoughts & feelings are unique (part of Stage 2, helping in an emergency)
positive psychology	the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
prejudice	negative attitude directed toward a group & its members
prosocial behavior (& how it's learned)	Prosocial behavior intended to alleviate another person's distress; a behavior that benefits someone else
realistic group conflict theory	Prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources; Predictions: 1) People who are realistically threatened are more prejudiced than those who are not; 2) Prejudice can be eradicated if there are enough resources to go around
relative deprivation	belief that one is relatively disadvantaged when compared to others
Robber's Cave Experiment	Tested origins of prejudice; Took boys similar in age & background & divided them into 2 groups --> Brought them together a week later to compete in different activities --> A lot of hostility and competition --> Reduced prejudice by imposing superordinate goals
Scapgoating	blaming other people for one's own negative outcomes
Schemas	conceptual/mental frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world
Schachter's two-factor theory	To experience emotion one must:  be physically aroused  cognitively label the arousal
situational	cause of behavior lies in the situation (i.e. situational helping)
social exchange theory	1) People have certain goods they bring to the interpersonal marketplace: Tangible qualities, Personal qualities, & Social status; 2) People strive to get as much in return for those goods as they can
social identity theory	belief that one's group is better than groups to which they don't belong improves our own self-esteem
stereotype threat	threat that arises when one fears being judged by a stereotype; a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
stereotypes	generalized beliefs about what members of an identifiable group are like that operate as schemas when perceiving members of those groups
Sternberg's components of love (3)	1) Intimacy; 2) Passion; 3) Commitment
Symbolic prejudice	prejudice directed toward any group that is viewed as violating one's values or worldview
Volunteerism	Long-termed, planned helping that usually takes place in an organizational setting --> Not paid, Not required (a choice)
What did Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment demonstrate about aggression?	1) Roles can override normal psychological tendencies; 2) Prisons are dehumanizing institutions that transform normally gentle people into sadistic tormentors; 3) People take advantage of an opportunity to aggress
Reciprocal altruism	people who helped others were more apt to receive help & thereby pass their genes on to the next generation
empathy-altruism hypothesis	When BEING empathetic, sympathy dominates; When NOT BEING empathetic, personal distress dominates
Limits of the cognitive model of stereotyping	explains how stereotypes form but not why so many stereotypes of outgroups are negative
Ultimate attribution error	dispositional attributions are made for positive outcomes of ingroup members & negative outcomes for outgroup members
Kin selection	people help their kin in order to pass along their genes to the next generation
group selection	groups with helpful individuals were more apt to survive
norm of responsibility	we should help those who are unable to help themselves
ingroup favoritism	tendency to treat & evaluate ingroup members more favorably than outgroup members
"Black Sheep Effect"	enhance feelings of self- worth by derogating an ingroup member
3 components of prejudice	1) stereotypes (cognitive); 2) discrimination (behavioral); 3) prejudiced feeling (affective)
Intimacy	feelings that foster closeness & connectedness
Passion	strong feelings of sexual desire & a desire to merge with another person
commitment	motivation to maintain the relationship over time
Catharsis hypothesis	Freud's suggestion that aggressive needs can be satisfied by exhibiting or witnessing aggression
Personal Just World View (4 parts)	1) Belief that good self will be rewarded and bad self punished; 2) More likely to forgive (dispositional measure); 3) Mediated by gratitude, self-esteem; 4) More likely to exhibit prosocial behaviors
Inhibitors of aggression	Intra-species aggression generally ends when the weak surrender their territorial rights