AP Biology Exam Study Guide and Tips
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Created by:
lovhotpink15 on May 9, 2010
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Description:
This is a over view on important Biology subjects that will be on the exam. Also some tips to help you answer all the questions.
Classes:
AP Biology Study Guide For The Exam., AP Biology Study Guide For The Exam.
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42 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Organic Compounds | are molecules that contain carbon. |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | is a compound that dissolves in water and is the decomposition of something in the presence of water. |
| Dehydration Reaction | releases water. |
| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | involve the gain (oxidation) or loss (reduction) of electrons. |
| Anabolic Reactions | create larger molecules from smaller ones. |
| Catabolic Reaction | breaks down larger molecules. |
| Exergonic Reaction | releases energy. |
| Endergonic Reaction | requires energy. |
| What properties make water essential to life on earth? | The water molecule's polar nature leads to surface tension (enabling capillary action) and makes it an effective solvent. It expands rather than contracting when it freezes. |
| Enzymes | are proteins that facilitate reactions by binding to the substrate and reducing the activation energy. |
| All living matter is made up of what? | Nitrogen,carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,phosphorus, and sulphur. |
| Carbon | is the main element of life because of the variety of organic compounds it can form. |
| Hydrophilic (water loving) | are compounds that easily dissolve in and mix with water. |
| Hydrophobic | are compounds that do not dissolve in water; they repel it. |
| In a reaction the (s) means what? | indicates that the substance is in a solid state |
| In a reaction the (aq) means what? | it indicates an aqueous state. |
| Hydrolysis also involves what? | donating a water molecule by splitting the molecule into H+ and OH- and attaching these to different molecules in a compound. |
| Ionic Reactions | occur when one atom donates an electron to another atom, thereby becoming a positive ion, while the other atom attains a negative charge. |
| Since oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously during a reaction what happens? | the terms are coupled. |
| The loss and gain of electrons can be viewed by what? | creating half reactions for the compounds involved in the full reaction. |
| Anabolism and Catabolism are different ways of describing what? | oxidation-reduction reactions. |
| Anabolism | is the process of synthesizing simple substances into complex materials (like reduction). |
| Catabolism | is the opposite of anabolism, breaking down complex material into simple parts (like oxidation). |
| Exergonic and endergonic reactions are used to explain what? | the use or generation of energy. |
| A water molecule is formed between what? | two H atoms bonded covalently to a single O atom. |
| What are the two characteristics of water? | First: the polar nature of water makes it "sticky". The positive charges on the hydrogen atoms cling to the negative charges on the oxygen atoms between molecules, water molecules attract one another, causing water to have a high surface tension. Second:the polar nature of water makes it a good solvent. |
| Activation Energy | happens before a reaction can take place, it must reach a point called activation energy by receiving enough energy from the environment, termed free energy, in the form of heat or kinetic energy, |
| What does the enzymes do? | it lowers the activation energy for the molecule to do "what comes naturally" and makes the reaction happen. |
| What is the reason that catalase enzyme exists in animal and plant tissues? | to remove H2O2, an oxidizer that is dangerous to living cells and must be removed when it is created as a byproduct of metabolism. |
| If the free energy change of a reaction is greater then zero, then the reaction is what? | nonspontaneous. |
| The cell membrane is selectively permeable which means what? | it allows certain things through while keeping others out. |
| Water diffuses across what? | the membrane from areas of lesser to greater solute concentration (osmosis). |
| Prokaryotic Cells (such as bacteria) lack what? | a nucleus and contain ribosomes but no other organelles. |
| Eukaryotic cells keep their DNA where? | in a membrane-bound nucleus and have many types of organelles, including mitochondria, lysosomes,ribosomes, the Golgi complex, and others. |
| Mitosis | is the process in which a cell produces two identical daughter cells. It stages includes interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,and telephase. |
| Cytokinesis | occurs immediately following mitosis and refers to the splitting of the cell into two new cells. |
| All cells are surrounded by a? | plasma membrane |
| Osmosis | is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. |
| What are the two main types of cells? | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. |
| The cell starts out in what stage? | interphase. |
| Chemiosmosis | is energy produced by movement of H+ ions across a membrane against a concentration gradient in both photosynthesis and respiration. |
| When do coupled reactions occur? | when the active transport of an ion is accompanied by a chemical reaction. |
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