Biology Final Sem 2
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 megaspore | female gametophyte |
| microspore | male gametophyte |
| stamen | male sex organ |
| anther | makes pollen |
| filament | supports anthers |
| pistil | female sex organ |
| stigma | pollen sticks here |
| ovary | connects to style |
| style | connects to stigma. tunnel for pollen |
| ovule | holds seeds |
| petal | attracts pollinators but completely useless in sex |
| megagametophyte in angiosperms | embryo sac |
| microgametophyte in angiosperms | pollen |
| t-nucleus | haploid tube nucleus |
| polar nuclei | 2 nuclei in middle |
| endosperm | triploid and food for plant embryo |
| monocot | one seed leaf, parallel vein arrangement, xylem and phloem randomly scattered, fibrous roots, 6 petals |
| dicot | two seed leaves, branched vein arrangement, xylem and phloem arranged in a ring, tap root, 4 or 5 petals |
| autosomal dominance | males and females are = likely to have trait, don't skip generations, male to male transmission |
| autosomal recessive | males and females are = likely to have trait, do skip generations, only homozygous individuals have trait, parent's offspring don't have trait |
| x-linked dominant | no male to male transmission, all daughters of male who has trait will also have it, moms can pass it to girls and boys |
| x-linked recessive | much more common in males, affected homo mothers will give trait to all sons, no male to male transmission |
| polygenic inheritance | when a single characteristic is controlled by many sets of genes |
| complete dominance | (mendel) all or nothing |
| incomplete dominance | the F1 heterozygote has an intermediate appearance. Thus, a 3rd phenotype can be seen |
| hetero | Aa |
| homo | AA |
| ID | aa |
| 4 human blood phenotypes | A, B, AB, O |
| type a genotype | IAIA IAi |
| type b genotype | IBIB IBi |
| type ab blood | IAIB |
| type o blood | ii |
| reproductive cloning | making an organism from embryo to birth |
| therapeutic cloning | stem cells--goal is not to produce cloned organism |
| why clone an organism | reliable way to make lab animals, whole organs from stem cells, and healthy cells can be used to replace damaged cells |
| problems with cloning | expensive, highly inefficient, high rate of disorders and health issues, ethical concerns |
| restriction enzyme | cuts up DNA samples into fragments |
| gel/well | where they put gel and then put dna in the wells |
| what charge is the dna fragment | negative |
| what happens when dna fragments are hooked up to a power source | neg. DNA moves to positive end |
| cytoplasmic transfer | exchanges parts between egg cells so it can become more viable |
| microsort | lets parents choose baby's gender o_O |
| artificial insemination (ai) | when lady has sperm placed in her cervix |
| AIHA | ai by husband's sperm |
| aid | ai by donor's sperm |
| ivf | in vitro fertilization |
| how ivf works | by taking eggs out of lady and putting it with sperm and putting it back in lady |
| icsi | intracytoplasmic sperm injection. sperm is manually inserted into the lady, happens when male has low sperm count and/or poor motility |
| surrogacy | another lady carries child for momma |
| pgd | pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, aka screening |
| transgenic | having something else's' DNA in your cells in addition to your own |
| transgenic animals | cows, mice, mice again, zebra fish |
| benefits of genetic engineering | insulin, crops with herbicide, pesticide, and virus resistance, control of ripening, increased nutrition in crops, and higher milk production in cows |
| dominant | traits don't skip generations, equal male and females, unaffected ppl don't have kids with the condition |
| recessive | all chldren have trait if both parents have it, if neither parent has it and one kid has it, might skip generations |
| plants | autotrophic, multicellular, and eukaryotic |
| cell walls of plants | cellulose |
| waxy cuticle | coats plants |
| stomata | guards cells |
| evidence for evolution | anatomical homology, mutation, biogeography, fossils, embryology |
| evidence for anatomical homology | similar skeletal structures in animals |
| evidence for mutation | natural selection |
| evidence for biogeography | patterns in different locations but similar environments (animals evolved same way) |
| evidence for fossils | show organisms that no longer live, gives us an idea of where we came from |
| evidence for embryology | similarity in embryos of all sorts of different species |
| irreducible complexity | consists of several interrelated parts, if you remove even one, it destroys whole system |
| is ID same as creationism | no, because it doesn't attempt to find CAUSE of the design of nature, just the way materials are designed points to ID and creationism is based on religion |
| intelligent design theory | science that studies signs of ID, hlods that certain features of universe and living things are best explained by ID, not an undirected process such as natural selection |
| specified complexity | object exhibits a pattern and it's a highly improbable event not readily repeated by chance |
| how long ago did complex animals live on earth | started about 530 million years ago |
| simon conway morris | paelobiologist dedicated to trilobites |
| cambrian explosion | abrupt appearance of animals. REAAAALLLLY fast. |
| r.c. mcconnell | expert on cambrian explosion |
| charles walcott | discovered burgess shale |
| burgess shale | lace crab fossil that is soft-bodied |
| ediacaran | fauna on ocean floor |
| chengjiang fossils | fossils found in 1984 by Xou Xinjang, soft-bodied and well preserved |
| sponge embryos | found in china, soft bodied, fossilized long before Cambrian period. |
| natura non facit saltum | nature takes no significant leaps |
| james hutton | proposed that earth was much older than 10,000 years old |
| charles lyell | geologist who proposed that erosion could explain earth's physical features |
| thomas malthus | wrote essay on human population, worried that if worried that ifpopulation went unchecked earth would run out of space and food |
| origin of species | published in 1859 |
| evidence for darwinian evolution | fossils, geographic distribution, similarities in structures, similarities in development, and molecular biology |
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