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Ego A child's early experience in coping with external demands leads to the development of ______. May function reasonably well in society. People with personality disorders... Obsessions Persistent repetitive thoughts Behaviorism Emphasizes the dominance of heredity over environment. Dissociative Disorder Multiple personality is a type of... Myelin Sheath Increases the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon Accomodation Modifying schema to account for new info, change in curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis Different languages predispose those individuals who speak to them to think about the world in different ways Blind Spot The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the... metacognition Thinking about thinking Law of Effect Thorndike argued that responses leading to rewards are more likely to be repeated, responses leading to punishments are less likely to be repeated. Causation Correlation does not equal ____. Clinical Disorders Axis I Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation Axis II General Medical Condition Axis III Psychosocial & Environmental Factors Axis IV Global Assessment of Functioning Axis V Histronic Personality Disorder A person acts very dramatic and emotional to get attention Schizoids People who are withdrawn and are not bothered by their lack of social relationships. They often have flat or inapproprate emotional responses. General Anxiety Disorder a recurring state of anxiety, fear, restlessness, and tenseness Dysthymic Disorder a mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Direct stimulation of the cerebral cortex induced by magnetic fields generated outside the skull Positive Symptoms symptoms of schizophrenia involving behavioral excesses, such as hallucinations and delusions. Negative Symptoms Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech. Paranoid Schizophrenia A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur. Dissocial Personality Disorder complete lack of interest in social obligations Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and marked impulsivity Phallic Stage children are obssessed with genitals, oedipus/electra complex is formed endomorph fat, round, easy going, sociable ectomorph Thin, has trouble gaining weight treatment of schizophrenia Antipsychotic drugs Neuroleptics Antipsychotic drugs (i.e. chlorpromazine, clozapine, thorazine, and haldol) Dissociative Fugue disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity Biopsychosocial Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders Mood Disorder a disorder in which a person undergoes changes in mood that seem inappropriate or extreme Major Depressive Disorder most common type of depressive disorder, characterized by periods of downcast mood, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in pleasurable activities Depersonalization feelings of detachment from one's mental processes or body Dissociative Identity a dissociative disorder in which a person appears to have more than one identity, each of which behaves in a different way Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually after extreme stress/trauma Lewin Father of Social Psychology, Tested 3 styles of teaching a class- authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian. (authoritative was most effective) Rabin focused on positive interpretations of stressful situations Acetylcholine a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction (not enough = alzheimers) Dopamine too much = schizophrenia, too little = Parkinson's disease GABA major inhibitory neurotransmitter Glutamate A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Too much = migraines Serotonin Comes from the sun, makes you happy Norepinephrine helps control alertness and arousal, not enough = ADHD TAT look at the picture, tell me a story Rorschach inkblot test william james founder of functionalism; published first psychology textbook medical model the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured MMPI the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally used to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening puposes person centered therapy The therapeutic technique based on humanistic theory which is non-directive and empathic. Retina In vision, transduction occurs within the ____. Lateral Hypothalamus Stimulated = Hungry, Lesioned/Destroyed = Not Hungry Ventromedial Hypothalamus Stimulated = Not Hungry, Lesioned/Destroyed = Hungry Latent Learning Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Piaget's Stages sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operations Morpheme in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning Phoneme in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit Syntax word order Retinal Disparity Binocular cue for depth perception cones people who are color blind have issues with _____. Gate Control Theory pain is modulated by a spinal gate that determines whether a pain signal is allowed to go on to the brain Display Rules cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions Diathesis-Stress Approach Disorders are a result of predisposed, biological factors triggered by the environment Preoperational Children cease to exhibit egocentricism during the ______ Stage. Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion Cognitive labels in response to physiological excitation James-Lange Theory of Emotion I'm crying, so I must be sad. Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion We feel emotions, then act upon them. Stage 1 Sleep Between asleep & awake, only a few minutes, theta waves Stage 2 Sleep Sleep spindles, 20 min. Stage 3 Sleep Transitional stage between light and deep sleep Stage 4 Sleep Deep sleep, slow delta waves, bedwetting & sleepwalking REM Sleep Vivid dreaming, increased brain activity, limited muscle activity Psychopaths Personality disorder, lack empathy Organic Mental Disorders Result from a developmental abnormality in the brain, can be temporary or permanent ablation removal or destruction of brain tissue in a surgical procedure acquisition a process in classical conditioning by which the association of a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus is first established operant conditioning a type of conditioning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.