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Loculi niches carved out of tufa Cubicula family tombs Constantine official approval of freedom to any religion in Rome, not just Christian, but any at all 3 Building Plans for Churches Basilica Plan, Centrally Planned Church, and merging Basilica (cruciform) and Centrally Planned Church together Characteristics of Early Christian Churches plain brick exterior and richly decorated interior parchment bleached animal hide vellum finer parchment codex bounded pages of parchment (much like our modern books today) manuscript illumination book illustration scriptorium workshop for copying and illustrating manuscripts why would architects change the location of the narthex (welcome area) in San Vitale? because you enter and it's very dark, and when you get inside it's very bright ... as if you're leaving the mundane world and entering a spiritual realm (eyes must adjust, etc.) ... mystic light to represent God and spirituality ... natural light reflections by alabaster windows, mosaics, marble, and complex surfaces of arches, walls, and vaults ... political intention in San Vitale (divine right to rule ... Justinian as Christ's representitive on earth ... Justinian never came to the church, but the mosaics are there for worship similar to icons, as if he was actually there) Christ as Pantocrator In the West the equivalent image in art is known as Christ in Majesty, which developed a rather different iconography. ... WIKIPEDIA (beware): The most common translation of Pantocrator is "Almighty" or "All-powerful". In this understanding, Pantokrator is a compound word formed from the Greek words for "all" and the noun "strength" (κρατος). This is often understood in terms of potential power; i.e., ability to do anything, omnipotence. Another, more literal translation is "Ruler of All" or, less literally, "Sustainer of the World". In this understanding, Pantokrator is a compound word formed from the Greek for "all" and the verb meaning "To accomplish something" or "to sustain something" (κρατεω). This translation speaks more to God's actual power; i.e., God does everything (as opposed to God can do everything). The Pantokrator, largely an Eastern Orthodox or Eastern Catholic theological conception is less common by that name in Western (Roman) Catholicism and largely unknown to most Protestants. Secular Art art which has nothing to do with religion ... revive classical style ... elements: scrolls, pompeian landscapes, personifications ... during iconclasm, a way to get around icon ban and still create art Greek Fire used on land and in water for war but still unknown how it worked exactly Near East Religions Judaism, Christianity, Islam Menorah 7 branch candelabrum Pointers for Manuscripts to keep place in the manuscript so they don't have to use their fingers and dirty/oil up the pages or chip the paint from them Aniconic Art non-figurative ... aniconic = "no idols" Tughra official monogram of the sultan ... means horsetail Arabesque intricate and interweaving pattern of interlaced lines with repeating geometric or floral forms 3 Types of Ceramic Techniques for Tile mosaic tilework (small pieces), cuerda seca (using dry rope ... matted black lines ... soaked in maganese so paints won't bleed into each other), painted tiles (cathay or china ... blue and white design like ceramic china, etc.) ... advantages of cuerda seca: polychrome, complex designs, economical, versatile Lusterware metallic glaze which imitates metal Kiswha black cloth with gold embroidery that covers Ka'ba ... different/changed each year as if it's a body and was wearing clothing ... Ka'ba means "cube" ... dome of the rock ... area everyone prays towards "mecca" ... holds a black meteorite that crashed there and that's what's inside Mosque open courtyard, covered arcades, hypostyle hall (many columns holding up roof), minarets Qibla Wall indicate direction of Mecca (usually has niche ... mihrab) Minbar pulpit (raised platform) Minaret tower to call faithful to prayer Mihrab niche in wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla ... to identify qibla wall and direction of Mecca Muqarnas load-bearing ... strengthen walls ... appear weightless ... used in multiples ... stalactites or honeycomb (kinda resembles this) Maiden open square (money maker for mosque) ... the building in front of it, but angled in different direction according to Mecca Middle Ages (400-1400) Roman adoption of Christianity to Renaissance Dark Ages antiquity to Renaissance ... Renaissance idea Age of Faith most of art is Christian-related British Isles power shift from Mediterranean to North (Britain, France, Germany) Tribune gallery of westwork Apse end of church where alter is what period of art was the "experimental period" in architecture for churches and whatnot? Romanesque Jambs side post of the doorway Trumeau center post supporting the lintel in the middle of the doorway Tympanum semicircular lunette above the doorway proper Arris sharp edge formed by intersection of 2 surfaces Perpendicular Gothic (1332-1357) single enormous window ... tiers of small windows ... vertical lines dominate ... flat east end ... vault ribs (multiply, ornamental, no structural purpose, decorative Mendicancy condition of being a beggar Mendicant member of mendicancy religious order Saint Francis being one with nature, and everything, because it's all connected Nicola Pisano (sculpture ... pulpit) classical art influence ... hierarchical sizes ... continuous narrative Giovanni Pisano (son of Nicola ... similar pulpit) no hierarchical sizes ... looser style ... more dynamic and more motion ... deeper spaces (adds to the dynamics and motion) ... emotional expression in faces and forms Cimabue - Madonna and Child (1280) first to break away from Italo-Byzantine style of painting ... rely on Byzantine models for composition and gold background Duccio - Madonna and Child (1308) drapery (puddles in a more natural way ... not "mermaidish" like in Cimabue's) ... personality (people are interacting) ... gravity (drapery is more natural) Giotto di Bondone - Madonna and Child (1310) "father of modern painting" ... beginning Renaissance ... start using canvas a lot more Scrovegni Chapel (arena chapel) designed for murals (hardly any windows, etc.)