Data

Copy and paste the text below. It is read-only. Select All

entreprenuer a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits cottage industry a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes capital money available (a ready supply) for investment puddling process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron James Watt Scottish engineer who made improvements in the steam engine, enabling the engine to drive machinery (1760's) Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat (the "Clermont") industrial capitalism an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing; produced a new middle-class group (the industrial middle class) socialism a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production (such as factories and utilities) Robert Owen a British cotton manufacturer and utopian socialist; believed that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment Robert Owen transformed a squalid factory town at New Lanark in Scotland into a flourishing community; created a similar environment at New Harmony, Indiana, in the United States in the 1820's, which failed Congress of Vienna where the great powers (Great Britian, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) met after the defeat of Napoleon; goal was to restore the old order *(see book for further information--page 589-590) conservatism a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion conservatism followers hated revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted either individual rights or representative governments principle of intervention idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments Liberalism a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties--the basic rights of all people--should be protected *(see book for further information--page 591) multinational state a collection of different peoples multinational state what the Austrian Empire was--included Germans, Czechs, Magyars (Hungarians), Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, and Italians, with only the Hapsburg emperor providing a common bond Crimean War conflict caused when Russians invaded the Turkish Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia (wanted to expand its power into the Ottoman lands to gain access into the Dardanelles and the Mediterranean Sea); Ottoman Turks declare war on Russia, as well as Great Britian and France the following year *(see book for further information--page 596-597) Giuseppi Geribaldi an Italian patriot who raised an army of a thousand volunteers (called the Red Shirts) Giuseppi Geribaldi troops landed in Sicily and by the end of July 1860 controlled most of the island; in August forces crossed over to the mainland and began a victorious march up the Italian peninsula--Naples and the entire kingdom of the two Sicilies fell in early September Franco-Prussian War (during); French troops withdrew from Rome, enabling the Italian army to annex Rome on September 20, 1870--Rome became the capital of the united Italian state militarism reliance on military strength plebiscite a popular vote Emancipation Edict ("the act of setting free"); issued by czar Alexander II--freed the serfs--peasants could now own property and marry as they choose. the government also provided land for the peasants by buying it from the landlords Klemens von Metternich the Austrian foreign minister who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna; claimed that he was guided by the principal of legitimacy principle of legitimacy meant that lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe realpolitik "the politics of reality", or politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics Otto von Bismarck prime minister of Prussia appointed by William I; seen as the practitioner of realpolitik *(see book for further information--page 598-599) Otto von Bismarck collected taxes to strengthen the army without approval of Parliament; defeated Denmark and forced the Austrians into war; caused the franco-prussian war *(see book for further information--page 598-599) Franco-Prussian War French goaded into war by Bismarck; French were no match for Prussians (along with their allies of the southern German states); Paris surrendered January 28, 1871, peace treaty was signed in May, and the French had to pay 5 billion francs and give up the provinces of Alsace and Larraine to the new German state *(see book for further information--page 599)