Ch. 11 History Peters
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Causes of the war | militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism |
| militarism | the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy; Military build up caused by a threat posed by neighbors, turned into an arms race as each nation tried to develop weapons more powerful than their neighbors |
| alliances | The nations were scared to disrupt the balance of power between the alliances when a spark between the Allies and Central powers caused conflict; Triple Alliance and Triple Entente |
| imperialism | European nations wanted territory held by neighboring countries (Germany fought with France and Britain to be the best and have colonies) |
| nationalism | Attempts to unite all German-speaking peoples under one flag and attempts to unite all Slavic people were bound to conflict as the populations were scattered over the same territories; Led to competition and antagonizing because of devotion to a country; Ethnic groups hated being dominated and wanted to become independent; Russia and Austria-Hungary became rivals through fighting for Serbia |
| triple alliance | Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy→Central powers |
| triple entente | France, Great Britain, and Russia→Allies |
| archduke franz ferdinand | Assassinated on a goodwill trip to Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne; Was a cause of the Great War |
| the black hand | Secret terrorist group that was responsible for planning the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; Goal was to create a state that brought the unification of all the Serbs (Austrian emperor saw this as a good excuse to crush Serbia) |
| causes of US involvement in war | zimmerman telegram/note; lusitania; u-boat attacks |
| Zimmerman telegram/note | Says that if Germany can't keep the US neutral, they'd give Mexico financial support to attack the US in order to regain their lost territories |
| Lusitania | Ship sinks in 18 minutes; 128 Americans die |
| U-boat attacks | Sinks the Lusitania; Attacks were a threat to Allied ships of supplies and soldiers |
| How does the US prepare for and fight the war? | Mass production, convoy system, economic boom, new weapons, war industries board, fuel administration, national war labor board, food administration, committee on public information, and the espoinage & sedition acts |
| Mass Production | US had to build ships to transport men, equipment, and food to Europe; The submarine warfare had taken a toll on the current fleet; Government took 4 steps |
| What four steps did the government take in mass production? | 1. exempted or deferred shipyard workers from draft. 2. used techniques to honor them. 3. started using pre-fabrication technique (mass produce parts elsewhere and then assemble ships in shipyard) 4. government took commercial and private ships and converted them for wartime use |
| Convoy system | American Vice Admiral Williams suggested the British try it; Destroyers would guard merchant ships traveling in groups across the Atlantic; Cut losses in half by 1917; US Navy also placed mines across North Sea that traveled to Europe during the war, only 637 were killed in U-boat attacks |
| War Industries Board | Encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency; Urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products; Industrial production in the US increased by 20%; Retail prices increased because of WIB applying price controls at the wholesale level→costs more to get the necessities; Corporate profits increased |
| Fuel Administration | Monitored coal supplies; Rationed gasoline and heating oil; Introduced daylight savings time to conserve and take advantage of long days in the summer; Started "gasless Sundays" and "lightless nights" |
| National War Labor Board | Established by Wilson to deal with fights between management and labor; Workers would lose their draft exemptions if they disobeyed the decisions; Improved factory conditions (Pushed for an 8-hour workday, promoted safety inspections, & enforced the child labor ban) |
| Food Administration | Set up by Wilson to help produce and conserve food; Set up under Herbert Hoover; "Meatless days" and "sugarless days" to conserve food; Food shipment to Allies→triples; Conserving food in WWI was voluntary, but in WWII, it was mandatory |
| Committee on Public Information | Popularized the war [propaganda]; Became the nation's first Propaganda agency→influenced people's thoughts and actions; Muckraker journalist George Creel was the head (Persuaded nations' artists and advertising agencies to promote war through their art and writing); Used "Four-Minute Men" to speak about the war |
| Espionage and Sedition Act | A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or war effort; Violated the First Amendment and targeted socialists and labor leaders; Led over 2,000 prosecutions for loosely defined antiwar activities; Victor Berger was refused a seat in the House because of his antiwar views |
| What were the new nations after WWI? | Yugoslavia (from Serbia, Albania & Austria-Hungary); Austria and Hungary (from Austria-Hungary); Finland; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; & East Prussia |
| Allied Powers | Russia, Great Britain/Ireland, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, & Romania |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, & Ottoman Empire |
| Neutral Nations | Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Albania, Luxembourg |
| What were some new weapons from WWI? | Bayonets, flamethrowers, grenades, machine guns, pistols, poison gas, rifles, tanks, trench mortars |
| Economic Boom | Because of new weapons and ships being produced, along with food going to soldiers, there was a great economic boom in the US |
| Selective Service Act | Required all men 21-30 to register with local draft board for random selection |
| Espionage and Sedition Act | A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or war effort |
| Vladimir Lenin | Leader of the Bolsheviks |
| Bolsheviks | Established a Communist regime in Russia; Means "the majority"; Cried out for a worldwide revolution that would abolish capitalism everywhere |
| Cease-fire | Temporary suspension of fighting to work out a truce |
| armistice | Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed the truce, which ended the war |
| League of Nations | Proposed by Wilson; Fourteenth point in the Fourteen Points which called for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises like those that sparked the war; Provided a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to resort to war |
| Great Migration | WWI accelerated the Great Migration; Large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to cities in the North; Was the greatest affect on African Americans |
| Self-determination | Wilson based the Fourteen Points on the principle of self-determination; Groups that claimed distinct ethnic identities were to form their own nation-states or decide for themselves to what nations they would belong |
| Fourteen Points | Speech given by Wilson; First five points included issues that Wilson believed had to be addressed to prevent another war; Next eight points dealt with boundary changes; Based the provisions on the principle of self-determination; Fourteenth point called for the creation of an international organization |
| Reparations | Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay war damages to the Allies |
| Treaty of Versailles | Established nine new nations and shifted the boundaries of other nations; Humiliated Germany because it contained a war-guilt clause forcing Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI |
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