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underweight may result in what? low nutrient stores, low birth weight, and its a strong predictor of poor infant health. low birth weight an infant that weighs less than 5 1/2 lbs at birth (6.5 according to the lecture notes) overweight may result in what? gestational diabetes, difficult deliver, HTN, and increased risk of infant heart defects. what are the support tissues (4) placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic sac, circulatory system what is the critical time period and why? before the 4th week, the nueral tube closes 1st trimester nutrient needs? no additional energy needs 2nd trimester nutrient needs? additional 340 cal/day 3rd trimester nutrition needs? additional 450 cal/day is carbohydrate protein sparing? yes pregnanct mothers need how much more protein than normal? 25g are high protein supplements safe? no pregnant women particularly have high needs for what nutrients? folate, B12, vitamin D, Calcium, and Iron weight can during pregnancy 1st trimester 3.5 lbs weight can during pregnancy 2nd and 3rd trimesters 1lb per week gestational diabetes insulin resistance complications d/t gestational diabetes high birth wieght infant and increase risk for child obesity and diabetes substances to avoid during pregnancy coffee, alcohol, medicinal drugs, herbal supplements and teas (raspberry and peppermint), excess vitamins and minerals, fish with high mercury content, and cigarette smoking (also second hand). what will caffeine cause? low birth weight a pregnant women can get listeriosis from... soft mex cheese, feta, brie, roquefort, raw milk, and raw/rare meat. cigarette smoking causes.. damage to fetal chromosomes, and restricts blood supply to the fetus. milk production healthy amount 500 mL/ 275 calories does a decreased quantity of milk decrease the quality of the milk? no substances to avoid during lactation? alcohol, caffeine, cigarette smoke, and medicinal drugs infant needs how many cal/lb? 45-55 what are signs when infant is ready for introduction of solid foods? able to sit with support, tongue is able to laterally transfer food, voluntary movement of tongue and lips what is the age to introduce solids 4-6 months what should be rich in infant food? iron and vitamin C iron deficiency impairs what in childhood? learning ability and behavior active 15 yo male needs how many calories 3500 an inactive 15 yo female needs how many calories? 1800 what is typically found in a breakfast? vitC, vitA, riboflavin, Ca, Fe drugs alcohol and cigarettes can affect nutrient absorption and metabolism obesity has a direct link with what? diabetes, cerebral vascular disease, cancser, osteoarthritis, vitamin and mineral insufficiency causes (6) anemia, nerve damage, taste loss, osteoporosis, HTN, and brain damage low fiber leads to what? constipation, diverticulosis anti-oxident insufficiency causes? cataracts omega 3 fatty acid insufficiency causes? arthritis, alzheimers, and macular degeneration energy needs decrease ___% per decade starting at ___ y.o. 5, 35