SOL Review
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141 terms
Malay | English |
|---|---|
| ghazi |  warrior for Islam |
| Ottoman | follower of Osman (also called Othman) |
| sultan | "overlord"; title of Ottoman rulers |
| Timur the Lame | Conqueror from Samarkand, who burned Baghdad, crushing Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara in 1402, halting expansion of Ottoman empire |
| Mehmed II | aka Mehmed the Conqueror, who conquered Constantinople in 1453, and opened it to citizens of many religions and backgrounds |
| Constantinople | capital of Ottoman Empire, now known as Istanbul |
| Suleyman the Lawgiver | aka Suleyman the Magnificent; Ottoman ruler; great military leader, created law code, simplifiedsystem of taxation, reduced govt. bureaucracy |
| devshirme | Ottoman policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers |
| janissary | member of elite fighting force, comprised of Christian slaves, in Ottoman empire |
| infidel | one who doesn't believe in a certain religion; those that don't believe in Islam |
| Osman | most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans |
| Constantinople | now known as Istanbul; strategic capital of Ottoman Empire |
| Byzantine Empire | conquered by Ottomans; primarily Greek Orthodox |
| jizya | per capita tax on non-Muslim adult males to freely worship |
| Safavid Empire | Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia between 16th and 18th centuries |
| shah | hereditary monarch of Iran |
| Isma'il | founder of Shi'a Islam; known as religious tyrant who killed any citizen who didn't convert |
| Shah Abbas | helped create Safavid culture |
| Esfahan | Safavid capital that was a showplace for artisans |
| Mughal | nomads who lived in Indian subcontinent and established powerful empire there |
| Babur | brillant general who laid foundation for Mughal Empire |
| Akbar | "Greatest One"; grandson of Babur; ruled with wisdom and tolerance |
| Sikh | nonviolent religious group whose beliefs blend elements of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism |
| Shah Jahan | created the Taj Mahal as a shrine for his wife |
| Taj Mahal | shrine built by Shah Jahan in India as a shrine to his wife |
| Aurangzeb | Despotic ruler, whose strict laws led to divisions and decentralization of government in Mughal Empire |
| Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who sailed to Cape of Good Hope |
| Prince Henry | Portugeuse royal aka as "the Navigator," who built school for explorers |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer credited with giving Portugal direct sea route to India |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | agreement between Spain and Portugal brokered by the pope that divided New World |
| Dutch East India Company | company founded in early 17th century to establish and direct trade throuhgout Asia |
| Ming Dynasty | Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368-1644; dominant power in Asia |
| Zheng He | Chinese Muslim admiral; led 7 exploratory voyages from 1405-1433 from southeast Asia to eastern Africa |
| Manchus | native Manchurians who ruled China during Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) and expanded China's Borders |
| Qing Dynasty | China's last dynasty, ruled from 1644-1912 and expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Mongolia, and Tibet |
| daimyo | Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai |
| Tokugawa Shogumate | dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867 |
| caravel | sturdy ship with triangular sails that help vessel sail,effectively against wind |
| astrolabe | brass circle with rings marked off in degrees so ships captain could calculate latitude |
| compass | instrument used to determine direction |
| God, glory, gold | primary motives for exploration |
| Line of Demarcation | imaginary longitudinal line drawn by pope to divide new lands claimed by Portugal from those claimed by Spain |
| Tenochtitlan | Aztec capital |
| Montezuma | Aztec emperor conquered by Hernando Cortes |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer who discovered Montreal and the St. Lawrence River |
| Christopher Columbus | In 1492 sailed west across Atlantic to find alternate route to Asia: explored San Salvador, Cuba, Hispaniola; made 4 trips |
| colony | land controlled by another nation |
| Hernando Cortes | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs |
| conquistador | Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered Incas |
| Atahualpa | Incan king conquered by Pizarro |
| mestizo | person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry |
| encomienda | grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas that included right to use Native American laborers |
| New France | base of Frances colonial empire in North America |
| Jamestown | Virginia colony founded 1607 following decree from King James to found colony in North America |
| Pilgrims | group of Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in Massachusetts in 1620 |
| Puritans | group of people seeking freedom from religious persecution in England |
| New Netherland | discovered by Henry Hudson for the Dutch; formed Dutch West India Company established to colonize the region and expand the fur trade |
| French & Indian War | conflict, known as Seven Years War in Europe, between Britain and France in 1754-1763 for control of territory in North America |
| Metacom | aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts |
| Columbian Exchange | aka Global Exchange or Grand Exchange; global transfer of plants, animals, & diseases that occurred during European colonization of Americas |
| capitalism | economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures for a profit |
| joint-stock company | business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share profits |
| mercantilism | economic policy under which nations sought to increase wealth & power by obtaining raw materials and selling finished product back to colony at higher price |
| favorable balance of trade | an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad |
| Charles I | Stuart King of England, beheaded after English Civil War |
| English Civil War | conflict (1642-1649) in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of Englands monarchy |
| Oliver Cromwell | Lord Protector; Puritan general in English Civil War |
| Restoration | period following Protecorate in which English monarchy (Charles II) restored |
| habeas corpus | document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge to determine whether imprisonment is legal |
| Glorious Revolution | bloodless overthrow of James II (English) to be replaced by William and Mary |
| constitutional monarchy | system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law/constitution |
| cabinet | group of advisors or ministers chosen by head of country to help make government decisions |
| Petition of Right | document signed Charles I in 1628 that the monarch's power |
| Roundheads | Puritan supporters of Oliver Cromwell |
| William and Mary | ruled after Glorious Revolution; ruled under limited monarchy |
| Declaration of Independence | written by Thomas Jefferson, reflected ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment |
| checks and balances | measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others |
| federal system | system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and number of individual states |
| Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments to the u.S. Consititution that portect citizens' basic rights and freedoms |
| Old Regime | social and political system of France in which people were divided into three social classes or estates |
| estates | French social classes |
| first estate | comprised of French clergy |
| second estate | comprised of French nobility |
| third estate | comprised of the middle class and peasants |
| Louis XIV | Bourbon king at time of French Revolution who was beheaded |
| Marie Antoinette | wife of Louis XIV and daughter of Maria Theresa, empress of Austria; beheaded |
| Tennis Court Oath | place where 3rd estate delegates held meeting and vowed to stay until establishment of new constitution after being locked out of their meeting |
| Great Fear | wave of panic that spread to French countryside after storming of the Bastille |
| emigre | person who lives country for political reasons |
| sans-culottes | radical group during French Revolution who wanted greater voice in government, lower prices, and end to food shortages |
| Jacobin | radical Frecn Revolution group led by Robespierre |
| Robespierre | Jacobin leader who set out to wipe out every trace of France's past |
| Reign of Terror | period during which Robespierre ruled France |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French general who overthrew the Ditrectory, declared himself empror, and created French empire in Europe |
| coup d'etat | sudden seizure of political power in a nation |
| plebiscite | direct vote in which a country's people can approve or reject a proposal |
| lycee | government-run public school in France |
| Napoleonic Code | comprehensive and uniform system of laws establsihed for France by Napoleon |
| Battle of Trafalgar | naval battle in 1805 in which Napoleon's navy was defeated by Lord Nelson |
| blockade | use of ships or troops to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region |
| Continental System | Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and Europe in an effort to destry British economy |
| Guerilla warfare | loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops |
| scorched earth policy | practice of burning crops and killing livestock during war so enemy cannot live off the land |
| Waterloo | 1815 battle in which armies of Prussia, Great Britain, and the Netherlands defeated Napoleon |
| Hundred Days | brief period in 1815 in which Napoleon made last bid for power |
| Elba Island | island off coast of Italy where NApoleon was sent into exile |
| St. Helena Island | remote island in South Atlantic where Napoleon was sent into secind exile and where he died |
| Invasion of Russia | Napoleon's most diastrous military campaign: Russian winter forced Napoleon's retreat and lead to his downfall |
| Congress of Vienna | series of meetings in 1814-1815 during which European leaders established long-lasting peace and security after Napoleon's defeat |
| Metternich | Austrian chief minister who presided Congress of Vienna; proposed compensation, legitimacy, balance of power |
| balance of power | political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others |
| legitimacy | hereditary right of a monarch to rule |
| Holy Alliance | league of European nations formed by leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after Congress of Vienna |
| Concert of Europe | series of alliances among European nations devised by Metternich to prevent outbreak of revolutions |
| conservative | 19th century; people, mainly nobles and wealthy landowners, who wanted to preserve traditional monarchies |
| liberal | 19th century; people, mainly middle class, who wanted political power to rest in elected parliaments, incorporating Enlightenment ideas |
| radical | 19th century; people who favored drastcu change to extend democracy to all people |
| nationalism | belief that people should be loyal to their nation in which they share same language and culture |
| nation-state | political state whose people who share same language and culture |
| Balkans | region southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and European part of Turkey |
| Louis-Napoleon | nephew of Napoleon and a strong ruler under whose reign France prospered |
| Alexander II | son of Czar Nicholas who tried to move Russia to modernization and social change; issued Edict of Emancipation that partially freed serfs |
| Russification | process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire |
| Camillo di Cavour | lead Italian unification; prime minister of Sardinia; drove Austrians out of Italy's noerthern provinces |
| Garibaldi | led Red Shirts; helped Cavour unite southern Italy |
| Junker | strong conservative member of Prussia's wealthy landowning class |
| Otto von Bismarck | conservative Junker; prime minister instrumental in unification of Germany; master of realpolitik |
| realpolitik | "the politics of reality"--national success justified use of any means |
| kaiser | German emperor |
| Indusrial Revolution | shift, beginning in England, from goods produced at home to those produced in factories |
| enclosure | fenced in fields of wealthy landowners to keep village farmers out |
| crop rotation | system of growing a different crop in a field to ensure fertility |
| industrialization | development of industries for the machine production of goods |
| James Watt | designed an efficient steam engine that provided a cheap convenient source of power |
| Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin |
| urbanization | growth of cities and migration of people into them |
| Factory Act of 1819 | British act that exerted some control over child labor in some factory cities |
| stock | share of ownership in a business |
| corporation | business organization, run by professionals but owned by stockholders |
| laissez faire | economic principle that government should not regulate business |
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