Chemistry Final Exams 2010
Order by
104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 table salt | sodium chloride is commonly called______. |
| oxygen | does not burn but is the gas that ordinarly supports the burning of other substances, most abundant element in the earth's crust; when combined with silicon it makes up sand |
| chlorine | pale, green, poisonous gas |
| carbon | makes up charcoal, common source of heat, forms a huge variety of compounds that make up living things, can bond to form chains and rings, can form up to four bonds and form triple and double bonds |
| carbon dioxide | when carbon burns in the air, what is produced? |
| the universal solvent | water |
| hydrogen | most abundant element in the universe, lightest element |
| aqueous solution | homogeneous mixture in which water is the solvent |
| valence electrons | when substances react, particles of the substance must collide. these reactions involve their... |
| noble gases | group 18; unreactive, none are found naturally in the environment in a compound |
| more stable | atoms combine to become... |
| ion | a ___ is an atom or group of combined atoms that has a charge because of the loss or gain of electrons |
| positive | if an element loses an electron, what charge will it have? |
| negative | if an element gains an electron, what charge will it have? |
| ionic bond | a _____ has a strong attractive force between ions of opposite charge |
| crystal | a ___ is regular, repeating arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules |
| metals and nonmetals | ionic bonds form between _____ & ______. |
| covalent bond | a ______ is an attraction of 2 atoms for a shared pair of electrons |
| ionic compound | an _______ has a strong 3D crystal structure, solid at room temperature, high melting point, soluble in water |
| covalent compound | a _________ is composed of molecules, liquid at room temperature, low melting point, do not conduct electricity |
| electrolyte | substance that conducts an electric current when melted or dissolved in water |
| lose | calcium needs to ___ 2 electrons to become stable. |
| gain | bromine needs to ____ 1 electron to become stable. |
| oxidation number | the _______ is the charge on an ion |
| lose | metals tend to ____ electrons. |
| gain | nonmetals tend to _____ electrons. |
| polyatomic ion | an ion that has two or more different elements |
| transition elements | roman numerals are used to indicate the oxidation number on what types of elements... |
| hydrate | compound in which there is no specific ratio of water to ionic compound |
| hygroscopic | substances that easily absorb water from the air |
| deliquescent | substances that are so hygroscopic they take up enough water from the air to dissolve completely and form a liquid solution |
| anhydrous | a compound in which all of the water has been removed |
| dessicent | substance used as a drying agent |
| organic | _______ compounds contain carbon. |
| diatomic molecules | hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine |
| reactant | a substance that undergoes a reaction |
| products | each new substance formed when a reactant undergoes a chemical change |
| endothermic | energy is absorbed in a ________ reaction. |
| exothermic reaction | a ______ is a reaction that releases heat energy. |
| synthesis | in a ________ reaction two substances combine to form a single product |
| decomposition | in a _______ reaction a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances |
| single displacement | in a _________ reaction one element takes the place of another in a compound |
| double displacement | in a ________ reaction the two positive ions of two ionic compounds are interchanged |
| combustion | in a ___________ reaction a substance rapidly combines with oxygen to form one or more oxides |
| soluble | the compound dissolves in a liquid |
| activation energy | the amount of energy particles must have when they collide with each other |
| faster | when increasing the temperature of a reaction, it makes it go ____? |
| concentration | the amount of substance present in a certain volume |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being permanently changed of used up itself |
| enzymes | biological catalysts found in nature |
| indicators | dyes used to indicate whether a substance is an acid or a base |
| stays red | what happens when red litmus paper is dipped in acid? |
| turns red | what happens when blue litmus paper is dipped in acid? |
| hydronium ion | consists of a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule |
| ionization | the process of forming ions in a solution |
| ionize | acids _____ in water. |
| base | a _______ is a substance that produces hydroxide ions when it dissolves in water |
| acid rain | burning sulfur containing coal and automobile exhaust helps form.... |
| completely | a strong acid _______ ionizes in water. |
| partially | a weak acid only _______ ionizes in a solution. |
| 7 | the pH of pure water is.... |
| alkali | a term used to refer to materials that have noticeably basic properties |
| pH scale | a mathematical scale in which the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution is expressed as a number from 0-14 |
| neutral | reactions between acids and bases are called _____. |
| hydrocarbons | organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms |
| alkane | __________ is another name for saturated hydrocarbons; they are unreactive and are good organic solvents |
| unsaturated | an __________ hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon that has one or more double or triple bonds between carbons |
| alkene | an ________ is a hydrocarbon in which one or more double bonds link carbon atoms together |
| alkynes | _______ are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a triple bond; few occur in nature because they are very reactive |
| substituted hydrocarbons | ________ are compounds whose structure is the same as hydrocarbons except for the substitution of atoms or another element for hydrogen |
| polymer | a large molecule that is made up of many smaller, repeating units |
| monomers | individual units that bond together in chains to form polymers |
| cross-linking | involves linking together of many polymer chains to give additional strength to the polymer |
| plastics | polymers that can be molded into different shapes |
| acid, base | hydronium ions react with hydroxide ions to form water when an _____ reacts with a ______. |
| salt | ______forms when the positive ions from the base and negative ions from the acid form an ionic compound. |
| substituted hydrocarbons | amines carboxylic acids halogenated compounds esters amides alcohols aldehydes ethers ketones |
| solute | the substance being dissolved |
| solvent | the substance that dissolves the solute |
| compound | a type of pure substance that can be broken down into simpler substances; it is a chemical combination of two or more different elements joined together in a fixed proportion |
| element | type of pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| chemical formula | combination of the chemical symbols that show what elements make up a compound and the number of atoms of each element |
| temperature | determines the physical state of a substance |
| atomic number | _______ is the number of protons in an atom of that element |
| valence electrons | the group number on the periodic table tells the number of________________. |
| Ca | symbol for calcium |
| H | symbol for hydrogen |
| Hg | symbol for mercury |
| C | symbol for carbon |
| F | symbol for fluorine |
| Fe | symbol for iron |
| Ag | symbol for silver |
| Au | symbol for gold |
| P | symbol for phosphorus |
| K | symbol for potassium |
| Na | symbol for sodium |
| S | symbol for sulfur |
| Cl | symbol for chlorine |
| B | symbol for boron |
| Mg | symbol for magnesium |
| Br | symbol for bromine |
| Si | symbol for silicon |
| Sn | symbol for tin |
| Pb | symbol for lead |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.