Physical Science Final
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burros Teacher on May 19, 2010
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BHS Holloway 2010
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 atom | (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element |
| compound | (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight |
| atomic mass | protons + neutrons |
| electron | negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus |
| strong nuclear force | a powerful force of attraction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nuleus |
| valence electron | an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules |
| photon | a tiny particle or packet of light energy |
| oxidation number | positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable |
| periodicity | the repeating pattern of chemical and physical properties of the elements |
| formula mass | the sum of the average atomic masses of all the atoms represented in the formula of any molecule, formula unit, or ion |
| chemical change | a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter |
| products | the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| carbohydrate | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
| lipid | macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| molecule | (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound, two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| alloy | a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten |
| proton | a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron |
| nucleus | the positively charged dense center of an atom |
| electromagnetic forces | associated with charged particles; electric and magnetic forces are the only forces that can both attract and repel |
| orbital | a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons |
| isotope | one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons |
| group | Vertical column of elements in the periodic table |
| mole | the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams, the SI unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in 12g of carbon 12 |
| molar mass | the mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance |
| physical change | a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition |
| reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| protein | any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells |
| mass | a measure of the amount of matter in an object; a fundamental property of an object that is not affected by the forces that act on the object, such as the gravitational force |
| phases of matter | The different forms matter can take; commonly occur as solid, liquid, or gas |
| element | any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter |
| atomic number | the order of an element in Mendeleyev's table of the elements, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| neutron | an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton |
| electron cloud | area around the nucleus of an atom where the atom's electrons are most likely to be found |
| electric force | the force of attraction or repulsion between objects due to charge |
| energy level | a definite stable energy that a physical system can have Ex. used especially of the state of electrons in atoms or molecules; "according to quantum theory only certain energy levels are possible" |
| ion | a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative) |
| period | a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table |
| Avogadro's number | number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23, the # of atoms, molecules, protons, and particles in 1 mole molecule |
| chemical bond | the force that holds two atoms together |
| chemical reaction | the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances |
| activation energy | the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| nuclei acid | a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotide. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid |
| energy | the ability to do work or cause change |
| scientific method | In the 5-step method there is the formation of the problem, a prediction that provides explanation, a procedure used to test the ideas, the observation of results in the procedure, and a conclusion based on all of the other steps. 1.Ask and define the question. 2.Gather information and resources through observation. 3.Form a hypothesis. 4.Perform one or more experiments and collect and sort data. 5.Analyze the data. 6.Interpret the data and make conclusions that point to a hypothesis. 7.Formulate a "final" or "finished" hypothesis. With the investigation concluded, the published results will be verified by other investigators, and the "tested" knowledge integrated into a larger whole of scientific information. ***It is important to note that there is no one single scientific method. Every experiment is different and may or may not follow the exact steps; science is less structured than most realize. |
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