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Stop Codons UAA, UAG, UGA Peptide Chains Amino acids are bonded together as _____ _____ which fold into proteins 5, 3 mRNA read from _prime to_prime A Site One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. This site in the ribosome holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. P Site one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. It holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. Initiation the first phase of transcription; RNA polymerase binds to DNA @ the promoter, and unwinds the double helix Elongation addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain; continues until it reaches a stop codon Termination last phase of transcription, stop codon Modification many proteins need to be chemically modified and folded, some may need to be cut into segments or have parts removed Chaperones "helper" proteins Insertion cause frameshift, nucleotides added to the sequence Deletion cause frameshift, nucleotides skipped in a sequence Substitution correct nucleotide is replaced with an incorrect nucleotide Point Mutations Missense and Nonsense are examples of _____ ________. Missnese change in an important amino acid Nonsense change in an amino acid to stop codon Chromosal Mutations larger scale mutations, includes deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations Translocations taking a piece and moving it to a different chromosome Inversion a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed