2010 Anatomy final
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79 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 photoreceptors | The light-sensitive cells in the retina- the rods and cones. |
| pain receptors | sensory nerve ending associated with pain |
| projection | process by which the brain causes a sensation to seem to come from the region of the body being stimulated |
| referred pain | pain that feels as if it is originating from a part other than the site being stimulated |
| olfactory | pertaining to the sense of smelld |
| gustatory | pertaining to the sense of taste |
| organ of Corti | organ located in the cochlea; contains receptors (hair cells) that receive vibrations and generate nerve impulses for hearing |
| conjunctiva | a transparent membrane covering the eyeball and under surface of the eyelid |
| rhodopsin | the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity |
| prostaglandins | chemicals released from cells that cause smooth muscle contraction and pain |
| growth hormone (GH) | promotes protein synthesis which results in growth |
| prolactin (PRL) | Stimulates milk production |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | accelerates water absoption from urine in the kidney tubules into the blood, thereby decreasing urine secretion |
| calcitonin | thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone |
| epinephrine | adrenaline; activates a sympathetic nervous system by making the heart beat faster, stopping digestion, enlarging pupils, sending sugar into the bloodstream, preparing a blood clot faster |
| pancreas | a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach |
| melatonin | hormone produced in the pineal gland that targets the brain to control circadian rhythms and circannual rhythms, and may be involved in maturation of sex organs |
| glucagon | The antagonist of insulin. Its release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels. It stimulates the liver, its primary target organ, to break down its glycogen stores to glucose and subsequently to release glucose to the blood. |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood made up of water, dissolved salts, proteins, and other substances |
| hemoglobin | iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells (transport oxygen from lungs to respiring cells, carbon dioxide from respiring cells to lungs) |
| leukocytes | white blood cells, or WBC, form in the bone marrow and are part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system |
| leukopenia | decrease of white blood cells |
| thrombocytes | platelets; cell fragments that are formed in the bone marrow; clot blood |
| thrombus | a blood clot formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin |
| coagulation | the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid |
| agglutination | The clumping of cells or particles due to an antigen-antibody interaction. |
| pericardium | a double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the heart |
| atria | Two upper chambers of the heart, the two upper chambers of the heart- the receiving areas that pool incoming blood. |
| ventricles | the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body. |
| aorta | The largest artery in the body; it conducts freshly oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues. |
| coronary arteries | the two arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle |
| systolic pressure | the blood pressure during that part of the heartbeat when the heart's ventricles are contracted and the blood is being pushed out into the arteries |
| diastolic pressure | the blood pressure during that part of the heartbeat when the heart's ventricles are relaxing |
| vasodilation | widening of the blood vessels that allows for increased blood flow |
| capillaries | smallest blood vessels; materials are exchanged between the blood and the body's cells |
| lymph | clear, colorless fluid, similar to blood plasma but low in protein. It originates as fluid that has been taken up by th lymphatic vessels. Contains a large number of lymphocytes |
| thymus | a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity |
| spleen | Produces blood cells, destroys damaged blood cells, stores blood cells |
| pathogen | any disease-producing agent, esp. a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism. |
| pus | a fluid product of inflammation, thick yellowish-white fluid that is formed in infected wounds; composed of dead and dying white blood cells (principally neutrophils), tissue debris, and dead microorganisms |
| allergens | substances that activate the immune system; some allergens act directly as antigens and others act indirectly by binding to and changing the ehemistryof foreign materials so thatthey become antigenic and cause an immune response. |
| vaccine | immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies |
| immunosuppressive drugs | Drugs that suppress the immune system may be helpful in serious cases of lupus, but can cause serious side effects. The most commonly used immunosuppressive drugs include cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and azathioprine (Imuran). |
| autoimmunity | production of antibodies against the tissues of your own body |
| alimentary canal | tube that extends from mouth to anus via mouth, pharynx, stomach, small, large intestines with teeth, tongue, saliva glands, liver, gallbladder & pancreas as accesories - aka tube = GI tract - part of digestive system |
| peristalsis | wavelike contraction of the walls of the intestines, which propels contents onward |
| parotoid glands | pair of salivary glands in the cheeks in front of the ears |
| esophagus | muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| pepsin | an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones |
| gastrin | a digestive hormone secreted by the stomach lining; stimulates the secretion of fluid by gastric glands in the stomach |
| gallbladder | a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion |
| bile | the chemical made by the liver, secreted by the gall bladder, that helps break down food into glucose |
| intestinal wall | The long continuous tube that is the digestive tract is about 9 meters in length. it opens to the outside at both ends, through the mouth at one end and through the anus at the other. |
| respiration | The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain; breathing |
| larynx | the area of the throat that contains the vocal cords and produces vocal sounds |
| pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| trachea | membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi |
| epiglottis | The flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering. |
| alveoli | tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood |
| tidal volume | Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath |
| total lung capacity | Max amount of air contained in lungs after a max inspiratory effort |
| hypoxia | deficient amounts of oxygen in tissue cells |
| nephrons | filtering units of the kidney that remove wastes from the blood and produce urine |
| glomerular filtration | the first step of urine production, water and most solutes in blood plasma move across the wall of glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule and then into the reanl tubule. |
| tubular reabsorbtion | The 2nd step of urine production when water and solutes are returned to the blood. |
| tubular secretion | substances such as drugs move from the blood into the tubule, movement of certain molecules from blood into the distal convoluted tubule of a nephron so that they are added to urine |
| ureter | tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urethera | tube that contect the bladder outside of body |
| urea | waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine |
| uric acid | nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine |
| micturition | the process of urinating |
| electrolytes | minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance |
| water balance | the balance between water intake and water excretion, which keeps the body's water content constant. |
| intracellular fluid compartment | area that indicates where fluid is inside the body cells |
| extracellular fluid compartment | stores the fluid outside the cell |
| transcellular fluid | a portion of the extracellular fluid including the fluid with in the special body cavities |
| water of metabolism | 10% of water; a by product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients |
| acidosis | excessive acidity of blood due to an accumulation of acids or an excessive loss of bicarbonate |
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