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Cartography the skill/art of depicting geographic information Spatial Analysis the study of how people, objects, or ideas are or are not related to one another across space Demography the study of population patterns and changes Multiculturalism the state of relating to, reflecting, or being adapted to several cultures Secularism a way of life informed by ethics and values that are not necessarily derived from a religious tradition Pangaea all continents were once joined in a single vast continent Scale relationship between distance on map and actual distance on earth Geomorphology the study of the evolution and configuration of landforms Climatology the science that deals with the phenomena of climates or climatic conditions Colonialism a policy by which a nation maintains or extends its control over foreign dependencies Delta site where floodplains meet seas Gender the sexual category of a person, both biological and cultural Regional Geography the analysis of the geographic characteristics of particular places Lingua Franca a common language used to communicate by people who do not speak one another's native language; often a language of trade Region a unit of the earth's surface that contains distinct patterns of physical features and/or human development Institutions all the associations, formal and informal, that help people get along together Culture Groups a group of people who share a set of beliefs, a way of life, a technology, usually a common ancestry, and a place Material Culture all the things, living or not, that humans use Racism the negative assessment of people of other racial categories Altruism the willingness to sacrifice one's own well-being for the sake of others Plate Tectonics the scientific theory that the earth's surface is composed of large plates that float on top of an underlying layer of molten rock; the movement and interaction of the plates create many of the large features of the earth's surface, particularly mountains Frontal Precipitation rain/snow caused by interaction of large air masses of different temperatures Orographic Precipitation when moisture-bearing air is forced to rise as it passes over mountain ranges, the air cools and the moisture condenses to produce rainfall Remittances wages sent to family back home from immigrant labor Deposition rock particles left behind after flooding, storms, etc. Formal Economy activities that take place in official channels Informal Economy activities that are illegal, or off-the-books Tariffs a tax imposed by a country on imported goods, usually intended to protect industries within that country Import Quotas a limit on the amount of a given item that may be imported into a country over a given period of time Gross Domestic Product sum of all formal activities for a country in a year Population Pyramids a graph that depicts the age and gender structures of a country Sustainable Agriculture farming that meets human needs without poisoning the environment or using up water and soil resources Sustainable Development improvement of standards of living in ways that will not jeopardize those of future generations Global Warming the predicted warming of the earth's climate as atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases increase Globalization increased flows and linkages between regions Greenhouse Gases any atmospheric gases that are responsible for the greenhouse effect by absorbing solar radiation Nation a group of people who share a language, culture, political philosophy, and usually a territory State the territory or territories of a government Plurality or Pluralism when power is shared among several distinct culture groups Nation-State a political unit, or country, formed by people who share a language, a culture and a political philosophy Sovereignty the capability of a country to manage its own affairs Genocide the deliberate destruction of an ethnic, racial, or political group Erosion wind and water move rock particles Domestication the process of developing plants and animal through selective breeding to live with and be of use to humans Population Density the number of people per unit of area Geopolitics the use of strategies by countries to ensure that their best interests are served